South Sudan
South
Sudan
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For the former
autonomous regions that existed in the same territory as the current nation,
see Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–83) and Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–11).
"RoSS"
redirects here. For other uses, see Ross
(disambiguation).
South Sudan (/suːˈdɑːn, -ˈdæn/),[20][21] officially
known as the Republic of South Sudan[22] (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Sudan
Kusini), is a landlocked country in East-Central-Africa.[23][24] It is
bordered to the east by Ethiopia, to the north
by Sudan, to the west by
the Central
African Republic, to the south-west by Democratic
Republic of the Congo, to the south by Uganda and to the
south east by Kenya.
It gained independence from the Republic
of the Sudan in 2011, making it the most recent sovereign
state or country with widespread recognition.[25] Its capital
and largest city is Juba. It includes the
vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by
the White Nile and known
locally as the Bahr al Jabal meaning "Mountain Sea".
Sudan was occupied by Egypt under
the Muhammad Ali
dynasty and was governed as an Anglo-Egyptian
condominium until Sudanese independence in 1956. Following
the First
Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in
1972 and lasted until 1983. A second
Sudanese civil war soon broke out, ending in 2005 with the Comprehensive
Peace Agreement. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when
an Autonomous
Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan
became an independent state on 9 July
2011, following 98.83% support for independence in a January 2011 referendum.[26][27] It has
suffered ethnic
violence and endured a
civil war characterised by rampant human
rights abuses, including various ethnic massacres and killings of journalists by all sides
from 2013 until February 22, 2020, when South Sudan rivals Salva Kiir Mayardit
and Riek Machar struck a unity deal and formed a coalition government,[28] paving the
way for refugees to return home.[29]
South Sudan has a population of 12 million, mostly of
the Nilotic peoples, and it is
demographically among the youngest nations in the world, with roughly half
under 18 years old.[30] The majority
of inhabitants adhere to Christianity or
various traditional
faiths. The country is a member
of the United Nations,[31][32] the African Union,[33] the East
African Community[34] the Intergovernmental Authority on Development[35] and is a
party to the Geneva Conventions.[36] As of 2019,
South Sudan ranks third-lowest in the latest UN World
Happiness Report,[37] second lowest
on the Global Peace Index, and has the
third-highest score on the American Fund for Peace's Fragile States
Index.[38]
Contents
·
1History
§ 2.1.1National capital project
o
2.4Media
·
5Culture
o
5.1Music
·
6Economy
o
6.1Oil
o
6.2Debt
o
6.4South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations
o
7.2Air
·
11Notes
History[edit]
Main article: History
of South Sudan
The Nilotic people of
South Sudan—the Acholi, Anyuak, Bari, Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Kaligi (Arabic
Feroghe), and others—first entered South Sudan sometime before the 10th
century, coinciding with the fall of medieval Nubia. From the 15th to
the 19th century, tribal migrations, largely from the area of Bahr
el Ghazal, brought the Anyuak, Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk to their
modern locations in Bahr El Ghazal and the Upper Nile Region, while the Acholi
and Bari settled in
Equatoria. The Zande, Mundu, Avukaya and Baka, who entered South
Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state of Equatoria
Region.
The Dinka are the
largest, Nuer the second
largest, the Zande the
third-largest, and the Bari the fourth-largest of South Sudan's ethnic groups.
They are found in the Maridi, Yambio, and Tombura
districts in the tropical rainforest belt of Western Equatoria, the Adio of
Azande client in Yei, Central Equatoria, and Western
Bahr el Ghazal. In the 18th century the Avungara sib rose to power
over the rest of Azande society, a domination which continued into the 20th
century.[39] British
policies favoring Christian missionaries, such as the Closed District Ordinance
of 1922 (see History
of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), and geographical barriers such as the swamplands
along the White Nile curtailed the
spread of Islam to the south, thus allowing the southern tribes to retain much
of their social and cultural heritage, as well as their political and religious
institutions.
British colonial policy in Sudan had a long history of
emphasizing development of the Arab north, while essentially ignoring the Black
south, which lacked schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, and other basic
infrastructure. After Sudan's first independent elections in 1958, the
continued neglect of the southern region by the government in Khartoum led to
uprisings, revolt, and the longest civil war on the continent.[40][41] Peoples
affected by the violence included the Acholi, Anyuak, Baka, Balanda Bviri, Bari, Boya, Didinga, Dinka, Jiye, Kaligi, Kuku, Lotuka, Mundari, Murie, Nilotic, Nuer, Shilluk, Toposa and Zande.[42]
Slavery had been an
institution of Sudanese life throughout history.[43] The slave
trade in the south intensified in the 19th century, and continued after the
British had suppressed slavery in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Sudanese slave raids into
non-Muslim territories resulted in the capture of countless thousands of
southern Sudanese, and the destruction of the region's stability and economy.[44]
John Garang de Mabior led
the Sudan
People's Liberation Army until his death in 2005.
The Azande have had good relations with their
neighbors, namely the Moru, Mundu, Pöjulu, Avukaya, Baka and the
small groups in Bahr el Ghazal, due to the expansionist policy of their
king Gbudwe, in the 18th
century. In the 19th century, the Azande fought the French, the Belgians and the Mahdists to maintain
their independence. Ottoman Egypt, under the rule
of Khedive Ismail Pasha, first attempted
to control the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of Equatoria in the
southern portion. Egypt's first governor was Samuel Baker, commissioned in
1869, followed by Charles
George Gordon in 1874, and by Emin Pasha in 1878.[45]
The Mahdist Revolt of the 1880s
destabilized the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian
outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included Lado, Gondokoro, Dufile and Wadelai. European colonial
maneuverings in the region came to a head in 1898, when the Fashoda Incident occurred at
present-day Kodok; Britain and
France almost went to war over the region.[45] In 1947,
British hopes of joining South Sudan with Uganda while leaving
Western Equatoria as part of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo were dashed by the Rajaf Conference to unify
North and South Sudan.[citation
needed]
South Sudan has an estimated population of 8 million,[46] but, given
the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely
distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on subsistence farming.[46] Around 2005,
the economy began a transition from this rural dominance, and urban areas
within South Sudan have seen extensive development.
The region has been negatively affected by two civil
wars since Sudanese independence: from 1955 to 1972, the Sudanese government
fought the Anyanya rebel army
(Anya-Nya is a term in the Madi language
which means "snake venom")[47] during
the First
Sudanese Civil War, followed by the Sudan
People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) in
the Second
Sudanese Civil War for over 20 years. As a result, the country
suffered serious neglect, a lack of infrastructural development, and major
destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed,
and millions more have become refugees both within
and outside the country.
Independence
(2011)[edit]
A South Sudanese
girl at independence festivities
Between 9 and 15 January 2011, a referendum was held to
determine whether South Sudan should become an independent country and separate
from Sudan. 98.83% of the population voted for independence.[48] South Sudan
formally became independent from Sudan on 9 July, although certain disputes
still remained, including the division of oil revenues, as 75% of all the
former Sudan's oil reserves are in South Sudan.[49] The region
of Abyei still remains
disputed and a separate referendum will be held in Abyei on whether they want
to join Sudan or South Sudan.[50] The South
Kordofan conflict broke out in June 2011 between the Army
of Sudan and the SPLA over the Nuba Mountains.
On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became the 54th
independent country in Africa[51] and since 14
July 2011, South Sudan is the 193rd member of the United Nations.[52] On 27 July
2011, South Sudan became the 54th country to join the African Union.[53]
In 2011 it was reported that South Sudan was at war
with at least seven armed groups in 9 of its 10 states, with tens of thousands
displaced.[54] The fighters
accuse the government of plotting to stay in power indefinitely, not fairly
representing and supporting all tribal groups while neglecting development in
rural areas.[54][55] Joseph Kony's Lord's
Resistance Army (LRA) also operates in a wide area that includes
South Sudan.[56]
Inter-ethnic warfare that in some cases predates the
war of independence is widespread. In December 2011, tribal
clashes in Jonglei intensified between the Nuer White Army of the Lou Nuer and the Murle.[57] The White
Army warned it would wipe out the Murle and would also fight South Sudanese
and UN
forces sent to the area around Pibor.[58]
In March 2012, South Sudanese forces seized the Heglig oil fields in
lands claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan in the province of South Kordofan after conflict
with Sudanese forces in the South Sudanese state of Unity.[59] South Sudan
withdrew on 20 March, and the Sudanese Army entered Heglig two days later.
Civil
war (2013–2020)[edit]
See also: South
Sudanese Civil War
Further
information: Ethnic
violence in South Sudan
Military situation in South Sudan on 22 March 2020
Under control of the Government of South Sudan
Under control of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition
Under control
of the Government of Sudan
In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out
between President Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar, as the president
accused Machar and ten others of attempting a coup
d'état.[60] Fighting
broke out, igniting the South
Sudanese Civil War. Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside
South Sudanese government forces against the rebels.[61] The United
Nations has peacekeepers in the country as part of the United
Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). Numerous
ceasefires were mediated by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) between the Sudan
People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and SPLM – in
opposition and were subsequently broken. A peace agreement
was signed in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for both sides
in August 2015.[62] Machar
returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice president.[63] Following a
second breakout of violence in Juba, Machar was replaced as vice-president[64] and he fled
the country[65] as the
conflict erupted again. Rebel in-fighting has become a major part of the
conflict.[66] Rivalry among
Dinka factions led by the President and Malong Awan have also led to fighting.
In August 2018, another power sharing agreement came into effect.[67]
About 400,000 people are estimated to have been killed
in the war,[68] including
notable atrocities such as the 2014 Bentiu
massacre.[69] Although both
men have supporters from across South Sudan's ethnic divides, subsequent
fighting has been communal, with rebels targeting members of Kiir's Dinka
ethnic group and government soldiers attacking Nuers.[70] More than 4
million people have been displaced, with about 1.8 million of those internally
displaced, and about 2.5 million having fled to neighboring countries,
especially Uganda and Sudan.[71]
On 20 February 2020, Salva Kiir Mayardit and Riek Machar agreed to a
peace deal,[72] and on 22
February 2020 formed a national
unity government.
Politics[edit]
Main article: Politics
of South Sudan
Government[edit]
Salva Kiir Mayardit, the first
President of South Sudan. His trademark hat, a Stetson, was a
gift from United States President George W. Bush.
South Sudan's
presidential guard on Independence Day, 2011
The now-defunct Southern
Sudan Legislative Assembly ratified a transitional
constitution[73] shortly
before independence on 9 July 2011.[74] The
constitution was signed by the President
of South Sudan on Independence Day and thereby came into force.
It is now the supreme law of the land, superseding the Interim Constitution of
2005.[75]
The constitution establishes a presidential system of government
headed by a president who is head of state, head of government, and
commander-in-chief of the armed forces. It also establishes the National
Legislature comprising two houses: a directly elected
assembly, the National Legislative Assembly, and a second
chamber of representatives of the states, the Council
of States.[76]
John Garang, the founder of
the SPLA/M, was the first president of the autonomous government until his
death on 30 July 2005. Salva Kiir Mayardit,[22] his deputy,
was sworn in as First
Vice President of Sudan and President
of the Government of Southern Sudan on 11 August
2005. Riek Machar[22] replaced him
as Vice-President of the Government. Legislative power
is vested in the government and the bicameral National Legislature. The
constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ
being the Supreme Court.
National
capital project[edit]
The capital of South Sudan is located at Juba, which is also the
state capital of Central Equatoria and the
county seat of the eponymous Juba County, and is the
country's largest city. However, due to Juba's poor infrastructure and massive
urban growth, as well as its lack of centrality within South Sudan, the South
Sudanese Government adopted a resolution in February 2011 to study the creation
of a new planned city to serve as
the seat of government.[77][78] It is planned
that the capital city will be changed to the more centrally located Ramciel.[79] This proposal
is functionally similar to construction projects in Abuja, Nigeria; Brasília, Brazil; and Canberra, Australia; among other
modern-era planned national capitals. It is unclear how the government will
fund the project.
In September 2011, a spokesman for the government said
the country's political leaders had accepted a proposal to build a new capital
at Ramciel,[80] a place
in Lakes state near
the borders with Central Equatoria and Jonglei. Ramciel is
considered to be the geographical center of the country,[81] and the late
pro-independence leader John Garang allegedly had
plans to relocate the capital there before his death in 2005. The proposal was
supported by the Lakes state government and at least one Ramciel tribal chief.[82] The design,
planning, and construction of the city will likely take as many as five years,
government ministers said, and the move of national institutions to the new
capital will be implemented in stages.[80]
States[edit]
2020–present[edit]
Main article: States
of South Sudan
The ten states and three administrative areas of South
Sudan grouped in the three historical provinces of the Sudan
Under the terms of a peace agreement signed on 22
February 2020, South Sudan is divided into 10 states, two administrative areas
and one area with special administrative status. [83][84]
As a result of the Comprehensive
Peace Agreement signed in 2005, the Abyei Area was given special
administrative status and following the independence of South Sudan in 2011, is
considered to be simultaneously part of both the Republic of Sudan and the
Republic of South Sudan, effectively a condominium.
The Kafia Kingi area is disputed
between South Sudan and Sudan and the Ilemi Triangle is disputed
between South Sudan and Kenya.
The states of and administrative areas are grouped
into the three former historical provinces of the Sudan; Bahr
el Ghazal, Equatoria and Greater Upper Nile:
·
Lakes
·
Warrap
·
Central Equatoria (containing
the national capital city of Juba)
·
Jonglei
·
Unity
Administrative
Areas
Special
Administrative Status Areas
·
Abyei Special Administrative Area
2015–2020[edit]
The 32 states of
South Sudan, after the addition of 4 more states in 2017
In October 2015, South Sudan's President Salva Kiir
issued a decree establishing 28 states in place of the 10 constitutionally established
states.[85] The decree
established the new states largely along ethnic lines. A number of opposition
parties and civil society challenged the constitutionality of this decree and
Kiir later resolved to take it to parliament for approval as a constitutional
amendment.[86] In November
the South Sudanese parliament empowered President Kiir to create new states.[87]
Bar el Ghazal
1. Aweil
2. Aweil East
4. Gogrial
5. Gok
6. Lol
7. Tonj
8. Twic
9. Wau
10. Western Lakes
Equatoria
1. Amadi
2. Gbudwe
3. Torit
4. Jubek (containing
the national capital city of Juba)
5. Maridi
6. Kapoeta
7. Tambura
8. Terekeka
9. Yei River
Greater Upper Nile
1. Boma
3. Akobo
5. Jonglei
6. Latjoor
7. Maiwut
9. Ruweng
10. Southern Liech
11. Bieh
12. Fashoda State
13. Fangak State
On 14 January 2017 another four states have been
created, Central Upper Nile, Northern Upper Nile, Tumbura and Maiwut leading to
an overall number of 32.[88][89]
The Abyei Area, a small
region of Sudan bordering on the South Sudanese states of Northern Bahr el
Ghazal, Warrap, and Unity, currently has a special administrative status in
Sudan and is governed by an Abyei
Area Administration. It was due to hold a referendum in 2011 on
whether to join South Sudan or remain part of the Republic of Sudan, but in May
the Sudanese military seized Abyei, and it is not clear if the referendum will be
held.
2011–2015[edit]
The ten states of South Sudan grouped in the three historical provinces of the Sudan
Prior to 2015, South Sudan was divided into the
current 10 states, which also correspond to three historical regions: Bahr
el Ghazal, Equatoria, and Greater Upper Nile:
·
Lakes
·
Warrap
·
Central Equatoria (containing
the national capital city of Juba)
·
Jonglei
·
Unity
Military[edit]
Main article: Sudan
People's Liberation Army
A Defense paper was initiated in 2007 by then Minister
for SPLA Affairs Dominic Dim Deng, and a draft was
produced in 2008. It declared that Southern Sudan would eventually maintain
land, air, and riverine forces.[90][91]
As of 2015, South Sudan has the third highest military
spending as a percentage of GDP in the world, behind only Oman and Saudi
Arabia.[92]
Media[edit]
Main article: Media
of South Sudan
While former Information Minister Barnaba
Marial Benjamin vowed that South Sudan will respect freedom of the
press and allow journalists unrestricted access in the
country, the chief editor of Juba newspaper The
Citizen claimed that in the absence of a formal media
law in the fledgling republic, he and his staff have faced abuse at the hands
of security forces. This alleged fettering of media freedom was attributed in
an Al Jazeera report to the
difficulty SPLM has faced in
reforming itself as a legitimate government after years of leading a rebellion
against the Sudanese government. The Citizen is South Sudan's
largest newspaper, but poor infrastructure and poverty have kept its staff
relatively small and limited the efficiency of both its reporting and its
circulation outside of Juba, with no dedicated news bureaus in outlying states
and newspapers often taking several days to reach states like Northern
Bahr el Ghazal.[93] In May
2020, South Sudan Friendship Press was
established as the country's first dedicated online news website.[94]
Censorship[edit]
On 1 November 2011, South Sudan's National Security
Services (NSS) arrested the editor of a private Juba-based daily, Destiny,
and suspended its activities indefinitely. This was in response to an opinion
article by columnist Dengdit Ayok, entitled "Let Me Say So", which
criticized the president for allowing his daughter to marry an Ethiopian national,
and accused him of "staining his patriotism". An official letter
accused the newspaper of breaking "the media code of conduct and
professional ethics", and of publishing "illicit news" that was
defamatory, inciting, and invading the privacy of personalities. The Committee
to Protect Journalists had voiced concerns over media freedoms in South
Sudan in September.[95] The NSS
released the journalists without charge after having held them for 18 days.[96]
In 2015, Salva Kiir threatened to kill journalists who
reported "against the country".[97] Work
conditions have become terrible for journalists, and many have left the
country. Documentary filmmaker Ochan Hannington is one of them.[98] In August
2015, after journalist Peter Moi was killed in a targeted attack, being the
seventh journalist killed during the year, South Sudanese journalists held a
24-hour news blackout.[99]
In August 2017, a 26-year-old American journalist,
Christopher Allen, was killed in Kaya, Yei River State, during fighting
between government and opposition forces. Christopher Allen was a freelance
journalist who had worked for several U.S. news outlets. He had been reportedly
embedded with the opposition forces in South Sudan for a week before he was
killed.[100] The same
month, President Salva Kiir said the millions of civilians fleeing South Sudan
were being driven by social media propaganda manned by those conspiring against
his government.[101] Just a month
prior in July 2017, access to major news websites and popular blogs
including Sudan Tribune and Radio
Tamujuz had been blocked by the government without formal notice.[102]
Foreign
relations[edit]
Main article: Foreign
relations of South Sudan
U.S. Secretary of
State John Kerry meets with
President Salva Kiir, 26 May 2013
Since independence, relations with Sudan have been
changing. Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir first
announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South
would be allowed,[103] but upon the
independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an
EU-style confederation.[104] Essam Sharaf, Prime Minister of
Egypt after the 2011
Egyptian Revolution, made his first foreign visit to Khartoum and Juba in the
lead-up to South Sudan's secession.[105] Israel quickly
recognized South Sudan as an independent country,[106] and is host
to thousands of refugees
from South Sudan,[107] who now face
deportation to their native country.[108][109] According to
American sources, President Obama officially recognised the new state
after Sudan, Egypt, Germany and Kenya were among
the first to recognise the country's independence on 8 July 2011.[110][111] Several
states that participated in the international negotiations concluded with a
self-determination referendum were also quick to acknowledge the overwhelming
result. The Rationalist process included Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya,
Eritrea, the United Kingdom and Norway.[112][a]
South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations,[113] the African Union,[33][114] and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.[115] South Sudan
plans to join the Commonwealth
of Nations,[116] the East
African Community,[117][118][119] the International
Monetary Fund,[120] and the World Bank.[121] Some
international trade organizations categorize South Sudan as part of the Greater
Horn of Africa.[122]
Full membership in the Arab League has been
assured, should the country's government choose to seek it,[123] though it
could also opt for observer status.[124] It was
admitted to UNESCO on 3 November 2011.[125] On 25
November 2011, it officially joined the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, a regional
grouping of East African states.[126]
The United States supported the
2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The New York Times reported
that "South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of
war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its
fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid."[127] The U.S.
government's long-standing sanctions against Sudan were officially removed from
applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS
officials participated in a high-level international engagement conference in
Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign investors with the RSS and South
Sudanese private sector representatives.[128] Given the
interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South
Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC
authorization. Absent a license, current Sudanese sanction regulations will
continue to prohibit U.S. persons from dealing in property and interests that
benefit Sudan or the Government of Sudan.[129] A 2011
Congressional Research Service report, "The Republic of South Sudan:
Opportunities and Challenges for Africa’s Newest Country", identifies
outstanding political and humanitarian issues as the country forges its future.[130]
In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries,
including South Sudan, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment
of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region.[131]
Human
rights[edit]
Main article: Human
rights in South Sudan
Campaigns of atrocities against civilians have been
attributed to the SPLA.[132] In the
SPLA/M's attempt to disarm rebellions among the Shilluk and Murle, they burned
scores of villages, raped hundreds of
women and girls and killed an untold number of civilians.[133] Civilians
alleging torture claim
fingernails being torn out, burning plastic bags dripped on children to make
their parents hand over weapons, and villagers burned alive in their huts if it
was suspected that rebels had spent the night there.[133] In May 2011,
the SPLA allegedly set fire to over 7,000 homes in Unity State.[134]
The UN reports many of these violations and the
frustrated director of one Juba-based international aid agency calls them
"human rights abuses off the Richter scale".[133] In 2010,
the CIA issued a
warning that "over the next five years,...a new mass killing or genocide
is most likely to occur in southern Sudan."[133] The Nuer White Army has stated it
wished to "wipe out the entire
Murle tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee
long-term security of Nuer’s cattle"[58] and
activists, including Minority
Rights Group International, warned of genocide in Jonglei.[135] At the
beginning of 2017, genocide was imminent again.[136]
Peter Abdul Rahaman Sule, the leader of the key
opposition group United
Democratic Forum, has been under arrest since 3 November 2011 over
allegations linking him to the formation of a new rebel group fighting against
the government.[137][138]
The child marriage rate in South
Sudan is 52%.[139] Homosexual
acts are illegal.[140]
Recruitment of child soldiers has also been
cited as a serious problem in the country.[141] In April
2014, Navi Pillay, then the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights, stated that more than 9,000 child soldiers had
been fighting in South Sudan's civil war.[142]
The United Nations rights office has described the
situation in the country as "one of the most horrendous human rights
situations in the world". It accused the army and allied militias of
allowing fighters to rape women as form of payment for fighting, as well as
raid cattle in an agreement of "do what you can, take what you can."[143] Amnesty
International claimed the army suffocated to death in a
shipping container more than 60 people accused of supporting the opposition.[144]
On 22 December 2017, at the conclusion of a 12-day
visit to the region, the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan said,
"Four years following the start of the current conflict in South Sudan,
gross human rights violations continue to be committed in a widespread way by
all parties to the conflict, in which civilians are bearing the brunt."[145] The
Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan was established by the Human Rights
Council in March 2016.[145]
Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of South Sudan
This CIA map uses
the provincial borders that existed at the time Sudan gained independence in
1956. In 1960, small sections were transferred to northerly provinces. The
Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 ending the second Sudanese civil war
provided that the border between southern and northern Sudan would be restored
to its 1956 state.
A satellite image of South
Sudan
South Sudan lies between latitudes 3° and 13°N, and
longitudes 24° and 36°E. It is covered in
tropical forest, swamps, and grassland. The White Nile passes
through the country, passing by Juba.[103]
Biodiversity[edit]
South Sudan's protected area of Bandingilo
National Park hosts the second-largest wildlife migration in
the world. Surveys have revealed that Boma National Park, west of the
Ethiopian border, as well as the Sudd wetland
and Southern
National Park near the border with Congo, provided habitat for
large populations of hartebeest, kob, topi, buffalo, elephants,
giraffes, and lions.
South Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat
for bongo, giant forest hogs, red river hogs, forest
elephants, chimpanzees, and forest monkeys. Surveys begun in
2005 by WCS in
partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that
significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that,
astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the
southeast is substantially intact.
Habitats in the country include grasslands,
high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas,
floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic
white-eared kob and Nile Lechwe, as well as
elephants, giraffes, common eland, giant eland, oryx, lions, African wild dogs, cape buffalo, and
topi (locally called tiang). Little is known about the white-eared kob and
tiang, both types of antelope, whose magnificent
migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape
region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains,
Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally
flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve.
Little is known of the fungi of South Sudan. A list of
fungi in Sudan was prepared by S. A. J. Tarr and published by the then Commonwealth
Mycological Institute (Kew, Surrey, UK) in 1955. The list, of 383
species in 175 genera, included all fungi observed within the then boundaries
of the country. Many of those records relate to what is now South Sudan. Most
of the species recorded were associated with diseases of crops. The true number
of species of fungi in South Sudan is probably much higher.
In 2006, President Kiir announced that his government
would do everything possible to protect and propagate South Sudanese fauna and
flora, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water
pollution. The environment is threatened by the development of the economy and
infrastructure.
Several ecoregions extend across
South Sudan: the East
Sudanian savanna, Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, Saharan
flooded grasslands (Sudd), Sahelian
Acacia savanna, East
African montane forests, and the Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets.[146]
Climate[edit]
South Sudan map of
Köppen climate classification.
South Sudan has a climate similar to an Equatorial or
tropical climate, characterized by a rainy season of high humidity and large
amounts of rainfall followed by a drier season. The temperature on average is
always high with July being the coolest month with an average temperatures
falling between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and March being the
warmest month with average temperatures ranging from 23 to 37 °C (73 to
98 °F).[147]
The most rainfall is seen between May and October, but
the rainy season can commence in April and extend until November. On average
May is the wettest month. The season is "influenced by the annual shift of
the Inter-Tropical Zone"[22] and the shift
to southerly and southwesterly winds leading to slightly lower temperatures,
higher humidity, and more cloud coverage.[148]
Demographics[edit]
John Garang Square
in Juba
Main article: Demographics
of South Sudan
South Sudan has a population of approximately 11
million[149][150] and a
predominantly rural, subsistence economy. This region has been negatively
affected by war for all but 10 of the years since 1956, resulting in serious
neglect, lack of infrastructure development,
and major destruction and displacement. More than 2 million people have died,
and more than 4 million are internally
displaced persons or became refugees as a result
of the civil war and its impact.
|
Largest cities or towns in South Sudan According to the 2008 Census[151] |
|||||
|
Rank |
Pop. |
||||
|
|
1 |
230,195 |
|||
|
2 |
118,331 |
||||
|
3 |
114,528 |
||||
|
4 |
105,881 |
||||
|
5 |
69,720 |
||||
|
6 |
69,079 |
||||
|
7 |
59,217 |
||||
|
8 |
55,602 |
||||
|
9 |
41,328 |
||||
|
10 |
25,188 |
||||
Children in Yambio,
Western Equatoria, South Sudan
Rural school
children participating in the USAID-funded Southern
Sudan Interactive Radio Instruction project, July 2010
Ethnic
groups[edit]
The major ethnic groups present in South
Sudan are the Dinka at more than
1 million (approximately 15 percent combined), the Nuer (approximately
ten percent), the Bari, and the Azande. The Shilluk constitute a
historically influential state along the White Nile, and their language is
fairly closely related to Dinka and Nuer. The traditional territories of the
Shilluk and the Northeastern Dinka are adjacent. Currently, around 800,000
expatriates from the Horn of Africa are living in
South Sudan.
Education[edit]
Main article: Education
in South Sudan
Unlike the previous educational system of the regional
Southern Sudan—which was modeled after the system used in the Republic of Sudan
since 1990—the current educational system of the Republic of South Sudan
follows the 8 + 4 + 4 system (similar to Kenya). Primary education
consists of eight years, followed by four years of secondary education, and then four
years of university instruction.
The primary language at all levels is English, as
compared to the Republic of Sudan, where the language
of instruction is Arabic. In 2007 South
Sudan adopted English as the official language of
communication. There is a severe shortage of English teachers and
English-speaking teachers in the scientific and technical fields.
On October 1, 2019, The South Sudan Library Foundation
opened South Sudan's first public library, the Juba Public Peace Library in
Gudele 2.[152][153] The library
currently employs a staff of over 40 volunteers and maintains a collection of
over 13,000 books.[153] The South
Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa
Kintha and Kevin
Lenahan.[152][153][154]
Languages[edit]
Main article: Languages
of South Sudan
The official language of South Sudan is English.[1]
There are over 60 indigenous
languages, most classified under the Nilo-Saharan
Language family; collectively, they represent two of the first-order
divisions of Nile Sudanic and Central
Sudanic.
Constitution
updates[edit]
The interim constitution of 2005 declared in Part 1,
Chapter 1, No. 6 (1) that "[a]ll indigenous languages of Southern Sudan
are national languages and shall be
respected, developed and promoted". In Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (2), it
was stated: "English and Arabic shall be the
official working languages at the level of the governments of Southern Sudan
and the States as well as languages of instruction for higher education."[155]
The government of the new independent state later
deleted Arabic as an official language and chose English as the sole official
language.
The new transitional constitution of the Republic of
South Sudan of 2011 declares in Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (1) that "[a]ll
indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages and shall be
respected, developed and promoted". In Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (2), it is
defined that: "English shall be the official working language in the
Republic of South Sudan, as well as the language of instruction at all levels
of education."[156]
On 6 July 2017, South Sudan choose to adopt Swahili as
an additional official language due to seeking Tanzania's help to send
Swahili teachers to the country as it introduces the language in school
curriculum ahead of its adoption as an official language.[2]
Some
areas[edit]
In the border region between Western
Bahr el Ghazal state and Sudan are
an indeterminate number of people from West African countries who
settled here on their way back from Mecca – who have
assumed a traditionally nomadic life – that
resides either seasonally or permanently. They primarily speak Chadian languages and their
traditional territories are in the southern portions of the Sudanese regions of
Northern Kurdufan and Darfur.
In the capital, Juba, there are several thousand
people who use non-classical Arabic, usually a pidgin called Juba Arabic, but South Sudan's
ambassador to Kenya said on 2
August 2011 that Swahili will be
introduced in South Sudan with the goal of supplanting Arabic as a lingua franca, in keeping with
the country's intention of orientation toward the East
African Community rather than Sudan and the Arab League.[157] Nevertheless,
South Sudan submitted an application to join the Arab League as a member
state on 25 March 2014, which is still pending.[158] In an
interview with the newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat, the Foreign
Minister of South Sudan Deng Alor Kuol said: South
Sudan is the closest African country to the Arab world, and we speak a
special kind of Arabic known as Juba Arabic.[159] Sudan
supports South Sudan's request to join the Arab League.[160] Juba Arabic
is a lingua franca in South
Sudan.[161]
Population[edit]
2008
census[edit]
Woman in South
Sudan
A village in South
Sudan
The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of
Sudan", for Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. The census
counted the Southern Sudan population at 8.26 million;[13][162] However,
Southern Sudanese officials rejected the census results of Southern Sudan
because "the central bureau of statistics in Khartoum refused to
share the national Sudan raw census data with the southern Sudan centre for
census, statistics and evaluation."[163]
In addition, President Kiir "suspected figures
were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the
final tally 'unacceptable'."[164] He claimed
that the Southern Sudanese population actually constituted one-third of that of
Sudan, though the census showed it to be only 22%.[162]
Many southern Sudanese were also said to have been
uncounted "due to bad weather, poor communication and transport networks,
and some areas were unreachable, while many southern Sudanese remained in exile
in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to]
southern Sudanese authorities."[164] The chief
American technical adviser for the census in the south said that the
census-takers probably reached only 89% of the population.[165]
2009
census[edit]
In 2009, Sudan initiated a Southern Sudanese census
ahead of the 2011 independence referendum, which would also
include the South
Sudanese diaspora; however, this initiative was criticised for leaving
out countries with a high share of the South Sudanese diaspora, rather counting
countries where the diaspora share was low.[166]
Religion[edit]
Main article: Religion
in South Sudan
Sunday Mass in
the Roman
Catholic Diocese of Rumbek
Religions followed by the South Sudanese include
traditional indigenous
religions, Christianity and Islam.[167][168] The
last census to mention
the religion of southerners dates back to 1956 where a majority were classified
as following traditional beliefs or were Christian while 18%
were Muslim.[169] Scholarly[170][171][172] and
some U.S.
Department of State sources[46] state that a
majority of southern Sudanese maintain traditional indigenous (sometimes
referred to as animist) beliefs with
those following Christianity in a minority. However, according to the U.S.
State Department's International
Religious Freedom Report of 2012 the majority of the
population adhere to Christianity, while reliable statistics on animist and
Muslim belief are not available.[173]
The Federal
Research Division of the US Library of Congress states that
"in the early 1990s possibly no more than 10% of southern Sudan's
population was Christian".[174] In the early
1990s, official records of Sudan claimed that the population of what was then
included as South Sudan, 25% of people followed traditional religions and 5%
were Christians.[175] However, some
news reports claim a Christian majority.[176][177]
According to the World Christian Encyclopedia,
the Catholic Church is the
largest single Christian body in Sudan since 1995, with 2.7 million Catholics
mainly concentrated in South Sudan.[178] The US
Episcopal Church claims the existence of large numbers of Anglican adherents from
the Episcopal
Church of the Sudan with 2 million members in 2005.[179] The Presbyterian
Church in Sudan is the third largest denomination in Southern Sudan. It has about one
million members in 500 congregations in 2012.[180]
A 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life
by the Pew Research Center states that
in 2010, 60.5% of South Sudan's population was Christian, 32.9% were followers
of traditional African religion and 6.2% were Muslim.[181] Some
publishers described the conflicts prior to partition as a Muslim-Christian
war, but others reject this notion, claiming Muslim and Christian sides
sometimes overlapped.[182]
Speaking at Saint Theresa Cathedral in Juba, South
Sudanese President Kiir, a Roman
Catholic, said that South Sudan would be a nation that respects freedom of religion.[183] Amongst
Christians, most are Catholic or Anglican, though other
denominations are also active, and animist beliefs are
often blended with
Christian beliefs.[184]
Diaspora[edit]
Main article: South
Sudanese diaspora
The South Sudanese diaspora consists of citizens of
South Sudan residing abroad. The number of South Sudanese outside South Sudan
has sharply increased since the beginning of the struggle for independence from
the Sudan. Almost one and a
half million South Sudanese have left the country as refugees, either
permanently or as temporary workforce, leading to the establishment of the
South Sudanese diaspora population.
The largest communities of the South Sudanese diaspora
are located in North America, Western Europe, and Oceania are in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and small
communities exist in France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and New Zealand.
Culture[edit]
Main
articles: Culture
of South Sudan and Tourism
in South Sudan
Scarified tribeswoman,
South Sudan, 2011
Due to the many years of the civil war, South Sudan's
culture is heavily influenced by its neighbours. Many South Sudanese fled
to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda where they
interacted with the nationals and learned their languages and culture. For most
of those who remained in the country, or went north to Sudan and Egypt, they largely
assimilated Arab culture.
Most South Sudanese value knowing one's tribal origin,
its traditional culture and dialect even while in
exile and diaspora. Although the
common languages spoken are Juba Arabic and English, Swahili is being
introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its East African neighbours.
Music[edit]
Many music artists from South Sudan use English,
Swahili, Juba Arabic, their African language or a mix of all. Popular artists
like Barbz, Yaba Angelosi, De
Peace Child sing Afro-beat, R&B, and Zouk; Dynamq is popular
for his reggae releases; and
Emmanuel Kembe who sings folk, reggae and
Afro-beat. Emmanuel Jal is one South
Sudanese music artist who has broken through on an international level[185] with his unique
form of Hip Hop and a
positive message in his lyrics.[186] Jal, a
former child soldier turned
musician, received good airplay and album reviews in the UK[187] and has also
been sought out for the lecture circuit with major talks at popular talkfests
like TED.[188]
Games
and sports[edit]
Main article: Sport
in South Sudan
South Sudanese-born
basketball player Luol Deng
Many traditional and modern games and sports are
popular in South Sudan, particularly wrestling and mock battles. The
traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate
the harvests and finish the farming seasons. During the matches, they smeared
themselves with ochre – perhaps to
enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large
numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their
favourite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were
primarily for entertainment.[189]
Association
football is also becoming popular in South Sudan, and
there are many initiatives by the Government of South Sudan and other partners
to promote the sport and improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is
South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding football
clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached.
In recognition of these efforts with youth football, the country recently
hosted the CECAFA youth
football competitions. Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger
East African Schools Sports tournaments.[citation
needed]
The South
Sudan national association football team joined
the Confederation
of African Football in February 2012 and became a full FIFA member in May
2012.[190] The team
played its first match against Tusker FC of the Kenyan
Premier League on 10 July 2011 in Juba as part of independence
celebrations,[191] scoring early
but losing 1–3 to the more experienced team.[192] Famous South
Sudanese footballers are James Moga, Richard Justin, Athir Thomas, Goma Genaro Awad, Khamis Leyano, Khamis Martin, William Afani Clicks and Roy Gulwak.
The South Sudanese can boast links to top basketball
players. Luol Deng was a National
Basketball Association star in the United States; at the international
level, he represented Great
Britain. Other leading international basketball players from
South Sudan include Manute Bol, Kueth Duany, Deng Gai, Ater Majok, Wenyen Gabriel, and Thon Maker. The South
Sudan national basketball team played its first match
against the Uganda
national basketball team on 10 July 2011 in Juba.[191]
One athlete from South Sudan, Guor Marial, competed in
the 2012 Summer
Olympics. Due to South Sudan not as yet possessing an official
Olympics organization, and Marial not yet possessing American citizenship, he,
along with three athletes from the former Netherlands
Antilles, competed under the banner of Independent Olympic Athletes.
On 2 August at the 128th IOC Session, South Sudan was
granted full recognition of its National
Olympic Committee. South
Sudan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics with three
athletes in track and field. No medals were won during this Olympics.[193]
Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy
of South Sudan
See also: List of companies based in South Sudan
Loka Teaks is the
largest teak plantation in Africa.[citation
needed]
The economy of South Sudan is one of the world's most
underdeveloped with South Sudan having little existing infrastructure and the
highest maternal mortality and female illiteracy rates in the world as of 2011.[194] South Sudan
exports timber to the international market. The region also contains many
natural resources such as petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, diamonds, hardwoods, limestone and hydropower.[195] The country's
economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on
agriculture.
Other than natural resources-based companies, other
such organisations include Southern
Sudan Beverages Limited, a subsidiary of SABMiller.
Oil[edit]
The oilfields in the south have been significant to the economy since the latter part of the 20th century. South Sudan has the third-largest oil reserves in Sub-Saharan Africa.[196] However, after South Sudan became an independent nation in July 2011, southern and northern negotiators were not immediately able to reach an agreement on how to split the revenue from these southern oilfields.[197]
Oil and gas concessions in Sudan – 2004
It is estimated that South Sudan has around 4 times
the oil deposits of Sudan. The oil revenues, according to the Comprehensive
Peace Agreement (CPA), were split equally for the duration of
the agreement period.[198] Since South
Sudan relies on pipelines, refineries, and Port Sudan's facilities
in Red Sea state in
Sudan, the agreement stated that the government of Sudan
in Khartoum would receive
a 50% share of all oil revenues.[198][199] This
arrangement was maintained during the second
period of autonomy from 2005 to 2011.
In the run up to independence, northern negotiators
reportedly pressed for a deal maintaining the 50–50 split of oil revenues,
while the South Sudanese were holding out for more favorable terms.[199] Oil revenues
constitute more than 98% of the government of South Sudan's budget according to
the southern government's Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and this
has amounted to more than $8 billion in revenue since the signing of the peace
agreement.[198]
After independence, South Sudan objected to Sudan
charging US$34 per barrel to transport
oil through the pipeline to the oil terminal at Port Sudan. With production of
around 30,000 barrels per day, this was costing over a million dollars per day.
In January 2012, South Sudan suspended oil production, causing a dramatic
reduction in revenue and food costs to rise by 120%.[200]
China
National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) is a major investor
in South Sudan's oil sector.[196] South Sudan's
economy is under pressure to diversify away from oil as oil reserves will
likely halve by 2020 if no new finds are made, according to the International
Monetary Fund (IMF).[201]
Debt[edit]
In terms of South Sudan's external debt, Sudan and
South Sudan maintain a shared debt of approximately US$38 billion, all of which
has accumulated throughout the past five decades.[202] Though a
small portion of this debt is owed to such international institutions as the
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (approximately US$5.3 billion
according to a 2009 report provided by the Bank of Sudan), the bulk of its debt
load is actually owed to numerous foreign actors that have provided the nation
with financial loans, including the Paris Club (over US$11
billion) and also non-Paris Club bilateral creditors (over US$13 billion).[203]
The Paris Club refers to an informal group of
financial officials from 19 of the world's most influential economies,
including such member nations as the United States, the United Kingdom,
Germany, France and Canada, while non-Paris Club bilateral creditors refers to
any entity that does not enjoy permanent/associated status as a Paris Club
member.[204] Private
bilateral creditors (i.e. private commercial banks and private credit
suppliers) account for the majority of the remainder (approximately US$6 billion
of the total debt).[205]
East
African Community[edit]
The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the Autonomous
Government of Southern Sudan to apply for membership
upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011,[117][206] and South
Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011.[117][207] Analysts
suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure,
including rail
links and oil pipelines,[208] with systems
in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of Juba to pivot away
from dependence on Sudan and toward
the EAC. Reuters considered
South Sudan the likeliest candidate for EAC expansion in the short term,[209] and an
article in Tanzanian daily The
Citizen that reported East
African Legislative Assembly Speaker Abdirahin Haithar
Abdi said South Sudan was "free to join the EAC" asserted that
analysts believe the country will soon become a full member of the regional body.[210]
On 17 September 2011, the Daily Nation quoted a
South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the
EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was
not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a
"dumping ground" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports.[211] This was
contradicted by President Salva Kiir, who announced
South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later.[212] The
application was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012,[213] however
incidents with Ugandan boda-boda operators in
South Sudan have created political tension and may delay the process.[214]
In December 2012, Tanzania officially agreed to South
Sudan's bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the world's newest state to
become the regional bloc's sixth member.[215] In May 2013
The EAC set aside $82,000 for the admission of South Sudan into the bloc even
though admission may not happen until 2016. The process, to start after the EAC
Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013, was projected to take at least
four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012, EAC heads of
state approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of
Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan.[216]
A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid;
however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process,
presumably due to South
Sudanese Civil War.[217][218]
South Sudan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barnaba
Marial Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following evaluations
and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September
and October, the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join
the East African Community. Those recommendations, however, had not been
officially released to the public. It was reported that South Sudan could be
admitted as early as November 2015 when the heads of East African States had
their summit meeting.[219]
South Sudan was eventually approved for membership
in East
African Community in March 2016,[220] and formally
acceded with the signature of the treaty in April 2016.[221]
South
Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations[edit]
South Sudan has applied to join the Commonwealth
of Nations,[222] considering
that South Sudan was part of the Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan, and has 2 Commonwealth
republics, Kenya and Uganda as
neighbouring countries.
Transport[edit]
Main article: Transport
in South Sudan
A train travelling
towards Wau
Two Mil Mi-17 helicopters
at Juba Airport
Railway[edit]
Main article: Rail
transport in South Sudan
South Sudan has 248 km (154 mi) of
single-track 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)
gauge railway line from the Sudanese border to Wau terminus.
There are proposed extensions from Wau to Juba. There are also
plans to link Juba with the Kenyan and Ugandan railway
networks.
Air[edit]
Main article: List
of airports in South Sudan
The busiest and most developed airport in South Sudan
is Juba Airport, which has regular
international connections to Asmara, Entebbe, Nairobi, Cairo, Addis
Ababa, and Khartoum. Juba Airport was
also the home base of Feeder
Airlines Company and Southern
Star Airlines.[223]
Other international airports include Malakal, with
international flights to Addis Ababa and Khartoum; Wau, with weekly
service to Khartoum; and Rumbek, also with weekly
flights to Khartoum. Southern Sudan Airlines also serves Nimule and Akobo, which have
unpaved runways. Several smaller airports exist throughout South Sudan, the
majority consisting of little more than dirt runways.
On 4 April 2012, plans were unveiled to launch a South
Sudanese national airline, primarily for domestic service at first but
eventually expanding to international service.[224]
Humanitarian
situation[edit]
See also: Health
in South Sudan and Child
marriage in South Sudan
South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst
health indicators in the world.[225][226][227] The
under-five infant mortality rate is 135.3
per 1,000, whilst maternal mortality is the
highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.[227] In 2004,
there were only three surgeons serving in southern Sudan, with three proper
hospitals, and in some areas there was just one doctor for every 500,000
people.[225]
The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the South
Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is believed around 3.1%.[228] According to
a 2013 study, South Sudan "probably has the highest malaria burden in
sub-Saharan Africa".[229] South Sudan
is one of the few countries where dracunculiasis still occurs.[230][231][232]
At the time of the Comprehensive
Peace Agreement of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan
were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations.
Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in
the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the
population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per
capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).[233]
In 2007, the United Nations OCHA (under the leadership
of Éliane Duthoit) decreased its
involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished,
slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development
activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.[234]
Famine reportedly
led to deaths in Northern
Bahr el Ghazal and Warrap states in
mid-2011, though the state governments of both denied hunger there was severe
enough to cause fatalities.[235]
In Pibor County located in the Jonglei State, in
December 2011 and January 2012, cattle raids led to border
clashes that eventually resulted in widespread ethnic
violence, with thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of
South Sudanese being displaced, and hundreds of Médecins
Sans Frontières staff went missing. The government declared the
area a disaster zone and took control from local authorities.[236] South Sudan
has a very high rate of child marriage.[237] Violence
against women is common in the country, and South Sudan's laws
and policies have been criticized as inadequate in offering protection.[238][239]
Water
crisis[edit]
Further
information: Water
supply in South Sudan
See also: Sudanese
nomadic conflicts
The water
supply in South Sudan is faced with numerous challenges. Although
the White Nile runs through
the country, water is scarce during the dry season in areas that are not
located on the river.
About half the population does not have access to
an improved
water source, defined as a protected well, standpipe or a handpump
within one kilometre. The few existing piped water supply systems are often not
well maintained and the water they provide is often not safe to drink.
Displaced people returning home put a huge strain on infrastructure, and the
government institutions in charge of the sector are weak. Substantial external
funding from numerous government agencies and non-governmental organizations is
available to improve water supply.
Numerous non-governmental organizations support water
supply in Southern Sudan, such as Water is Basic, Water
for South Sudan, the Obakki
Foundation[240] and Bridgton-Lake Region Rotary Club[241] from North
America.
Refugees[edit]
Jamam refugee camp
As of February 2014, South Sudan was host to over
230,000 refugees, with the vast
majority, over 209,000, having arrived recently from Sudan, because of
the War in Darfur. Other African
countries that contribute the most refugees to South Sudan are the Central
African Republic, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[242] As a result
of the war that erupted in December 2013, more than 2.3 million people – one in
every five people in South Sudan – have been forced to flee their homes,
including 1.66 million internally displaced people (with 53.4 per cent
estimated to be children) and nearly 644,900 refugees in neighbouring
countries. Some 185,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) have sought refuge
in UN Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites, while around 90 percent of IDPs are
on the run or sheltering outside PoC sites.[243] Consequently,
UNHCR is stepping up its response through an inter-agency collaborative
approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and working with
the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In early February 2013,
UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base in Malakal, South
Sudan, which was expected to reach 10,000 people.[242]
2017
famine[edit]
Further
information: 2017
South Sudan famine
On 20 February 2017 South Sudan and the United Nations
declared a famine in parts of former Unity State, with the warning
that it could spread rapidly without further action. Over 100,000 people were
affected. The UN
World Food Programme said that 40% of the population of South Sudan,
4.9 million people, need food urgently.[244][245] U.N.
officials said that President Salva Kiir Mayardit was blocking
food deliveries to some areas.[246] Furthermore,
UNICEF warned that more than 1 million children in South Sudan were subjected
to malnutrition.[247]
An outbreak of fall armyworm further
threatened sorghum and maize
production by July 2017.[248]
Notable people[edit]
·
Deng Adel (born 1997),
NBA player
·
Malik Agar, politician
·
Adut Akech (born 1999),
model
·
Abel Alier (born 1931),
politician, writer
·
Jacob Aligo, politician
·
William Nyuon Bany, SPLA founder
·
Kerubino Kuanyin
Bol, SPLA founder
·
Theresa Anyuat Bola, politician
·
Kenny Athiu (born 1992),
professional football player (A-League)
·
Manute Bol (1962–2010),
NBA player and political activist
·
Mabior Chol (born 1997),
professional Australian Rules Football player
·
Alephonsion Deng (born c.
1982), writer and speaker
·
Joseph Deng (born 1998),
track and field athlete
·
John Dau (born 1974),
one of the Lost Boys of Sudan
·
Francis Deng, former South
Sudan Ambassador to the UN
·
Luol Deng (born 1985),
NBA player
·
Wenyen Gabriel (born 1997),
NBA player
·
Peter Gadet, SPLA leader and
politician
·
John Garang (1945–2005),
politician and revolutionary leader
·
Margret Hassan (born 1997),
sprinter
·
Emmanuel Jal (born 1980),
artist, actor, former child soldier, and political activist
·
Kuol Manyang Juuk (born 1945),
politician
·
Dominic Dim Deng (born 1950),
politician
·
Santino Kenyi (born 1993),
middle-distance runner
·
Joseph Lagu (born 1931),
former military chief and founder of Anyanya II
·
Taban Lo Liyong (born 1939),
writer
·
Anjelina Lohalith (born 1993),
track and field athlete
·
Rose Lokonyen (born 1995),
track and field athlete
·
Lawrence Lual Lual (1940–2011),
politician
·
Guor Marial (born 1984),
track and field athlete
·
Salva Kiir Mayardit (born 1951),
president of South Sudan
·
Nhial Deng Nhial, politician
·
Riek Machar Teny, former vice
president and rebel leader
·
Alek Wek (born 1977),
model and designer
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
1. ^ The
Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, Part One, 6(1):
"All indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages and shall
be respected, developed and promoted".[3]
1. ^ See table
in Foreign
relations of South Sudan with footnotes for early
recognition countries.
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Further reading[edit]
·
This article
incorporates public domain material from
the Library
of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. – Sudan
·
Walter C. Soderlund, E. Donald Briggs, The
Independence of South Sudan: The Role of Mass Media in the Responsibility to
Prevent, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014. pp. $38.99
(paper), ISBN 978-1-77112-117-0
·
Mohamed Omer Beshir: The Southern Sudan.
Background to Conflict. C. Hurst & Co., London 1968.
·
Biel, Melha Rout (2007). South Sudan after the
Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Jena: Netzbandt Verlag. ISBN 978-3-937884-01-1.
·
Daly, M. W.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (2016). A
History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence. Cambridge, U.K.:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11631-2. OCLC 921821890.
·
Tvedt, Terje (2004). South Sudan. An Annotated
Bibliography. (2 vols) (2nd ed.). London/New York: IB Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-987-5.
·
"Profile: Southern Sudan leader Salva
Kiir". BBC Online. 5 January 2011.
Retrieved 24 July 2011.
·
"No One to Intervene: Gaps
in Civilian Protection in Southern Sudan" (PDF). New
York: Human
Rights Watch. June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on
1 October 2011.
Yorumlar