Eswatini
Eswatini
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Eswatini (/ˌɛswɑːˈtiːni/ ESS-wah-TEE-nee; Swazi: eSwatini [ɛswáˈtʼiːni]),
officially the Kingdom of Eswatini (Swazi: Umbuso
weSwatini) and formerly known in English as Swaziland (/ˈswɑːzilænd/ SWAH-zee-land;
officially renamed in 2018),[11][12] is
a landlocked country in Southern Africa.
It is bordered by Mozambique to
its northeast and South Africa to
its north, west, and south. At no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north
to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west, Eswatini is one of the
smallest countries in Africa; despite this, its climate and topography are
diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to
a hot and dry lowveld.
The population is
composed primarily of ethnic Swazis.
The language is Swazi (siSwati in
native form). The Swazis established their kingdom in the mid-18th century
under the leadership of Ngwane III.[13] The
country and the Swazi take their names from Mswati II,
the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and
unified; the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881 in the midst of the Scramble for Africa.[14] After
the Second Boer War,
the kingdom, under the name of Swaziland, was a British
protectorate from 1903 until it regained
its independence on 6 September 1968.[15] In
April 2018, the official name was changed from Kingdom of Swaziland to Kingdom
of Eswatini, mirroring the name commonly used in Swazi.[16][17][12]
The government is
an absolute monarchy,
ruled by King Mswati III since
1986.[18][19] Elections
are held every five years to determine the House of Assembly and the Senate
majority. The current constitution was
adopted in 2005. Umhlanga,
the reed dance held in August/September,[20] and incwala,
the kingship dance held in December/January, are the nation's most important
events.[21]
Eswatini is a developing country with
a small economy. With a GDP per
capita of $4,145.97,
it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income.[22] As
a member of the Southern
African Customs Union (SACU) and
the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA),
its main local trading partner is South Africa; in order to ensure economic
stability, Eswatini's currency, the lilangeni,
is pegged to
the South African rand.
Eswatini's major overseas trading partners are the United States[23] and
the European Union.[24] The
majority of the country's employment is provided by its agricultural and
manufacturing sectors. Eswatini is a member of the Southern
African Development Community (SADC),
the African Union,
the Commonwealth
of Nations, and the United Nations.
The Swazi
population faces major health issues: HIV/AIDS and
(to a lesser extent) tuberculosis are
widespread.[25][26] It
is estimated that 26% of the adult population is HIV-positive. As of 2018,
Eswatini has the 12th-lowest life
expectancy in the world, at 58 years.[27] The
population of Eswatini is young, with a median age of
20.5 years and people aged 14 years or younger constituting 37.5% of the
country's total population.[28] The
present population growth rate is 1.2%.
Contents
·
1History
o
1.1Swazi settlers (18th and 19th centuries)
o
1.2British rule over Swaziland (1906–1968)
o
1.3Independence (1968–present)
·
4Economy
·
5Society
·
6Culture
History[edit]
Main
article: History
of Eswatini
Artifacts
indicating human activity dating back to the early Stone Age,
around 200,000 years ago, have been found in Eswatini. Prehistoric rock art paintings
dating from as far back as c. 27,000 years ago, to as recent as the 19th
century, can be found in various places around the country.[29]
The earliest known
inhabitants of the region were Khoisan hunter-gatherers.
They were largely replaced by the Nguni during
the great Bantu migrations.
These peoples originated from the Great Lakes regions of
eastern and central Africa. Evidence of agriculture and iron use dates from
about the 4th century. People speaking languages ancestral to the current Sotho and Nguni languages began
settling no later than the 11th century.[30]
Swazi settlers (18th and 19th centuries)[edit]
The Swazi settlers,
then known as the Ngwane (or bakaNgwane) before
entering Eswatini, had been settled on the banks of the Pongola River.
Before that, they were settled in the area of the Tembe River near
present-day Maputo, Mozambique.
Continuing conflict with the Ndwandwe people
pushed them further north, with Ngwane III establishing
his capital at Shiselweni at
the foot of the Mhlosheni hills.[30]
Under Sobhuza I,
the Ngwane people eventually established their capital at Zombodze in
the heartland of present-day Eswatini. In this process, they conquered and
incorporated the long-established clans of the country known to the Swazi
as Emakhandzambili.[30]
A
19th-century Swazi container, carved in wood
Eswatini derives
its name from a later king named Mswati II. KaNgwane,
named for Ngwane III, is an alternative name for Eswatini, the surname of
whose royal house remains Nkhosi Dlamini. Nkhosi literally
means "king". Mswati II was the greatest of the fighting kings of
Eswatini, and he greatly extended the area of the country to twice its current
size. The Emakhandzambili clans were initially incorporated
into the kingdom with wide autonomy,
often including grants of special ritual and
political status. The extent of their autonomy, however, was drastically
curtailed by Mswati, who attacked and subdued some of them in the 1850s.[30]
With his power,
Mswati greatly reduced the influence of the Emakhandzambili while
incorporating more people into his kingdom either through conquest or by giving
them refuge. These later arrivals became known to the Swazis as Emafikamuva.
The clans who accompanied the Dlamini kings were known as the Bemdzabuko or true
Swazi.[citation
needed]
In
this map of Southern Africa from 1896, Eswatini is labelled as
"SWAZILAND"
The autonomy of the
Swazi nation was influenced by British and Dutch rule of southern Africa in the
19th and early 20th centuries. In 1881, the British government signed a
convention recognising Swazi independence despite the Scramble for Africa that
was taking place at the time. This independence was also recognised in
the London
Convention of 1884.[31]
Because of
controversial land/mineral rights and other concessions, Swaziland had a triumviral administration
in 1890 following the death of King Mbandzeni in
1889. This government represented the British, the Dutch republics, and the
Swazi people. In 1894, a convention placed Swaziland under the South
African Republic as a protectorate.
This continued under the rule of Ngwane V until
the outbreak of the Second Boer War in
October 1899.[citation
needed]
King Ngwane V died
in December 1899, during incwala,
after the outbreak of the Second Boer War. His successor, Sobhuza II,
was four months old. Swaziland was indirectly involved in the war with various
skirmishes between the British and the Boers occurring in the country until
1902.[citation
needed]
British rule over Swaziland (1906–1968)[edit]
In 1903, after the
British victory in the Second Boer War, Swaziland became a British
protectorate. Much of its early
administration (for example, postal services) was carried out from South Africa
until 1906 when the Transvaal Colony was
granted self-government. Following this, Swaziland was partitioned into
European and non-European (or native reserves) areas with the former being
two-thirds of the total land. Sobhuza's official coronation was in December
1921 after the regency of Labotsibeni,
after which he led an unsuccessful deputation to the Privy
Council of the United Kingdom in London in
1922 regarding the issue of the land.[32]
In the period
between 1923 and 1963, Sobhuza II established the Swazi Commercial Amadoda
which was to grant licences to small businesses on the Swazi reserves and also
established the Swazi National School to counter the dominance of the missions
in education. His stature grew with time and the Swazi royal leadership was
successful in resisting the weakening power of the British administration and
the incorporation of Swaziland into the Union
of South Africa.[32]
The constitution
for independent Swaziland was promulgated by Britain in November 1963 under the
terms of which legislative and executive councils were established. This
development was opposed by the Swazi National Council (Liqoqo). Despite
such opposition, elections took place and the first Legislative Council
of Swaziland was constituted on 9 September 1964. Changes to the
original constitution proposed by the Legislative Council were accepted by
Britain and a new constitution providing for a House of Assembly and Senate was
drawn up. Elections under this constitution were held in 1967.[citation
needed]
Independence (1968–present)[edit]
Following the 1967
elections, Swaziland was a protected state until independence was regained in
1968.[33]
Following the
elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza
II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until
his death in 1982. At this point, Sobhuza II had ruled Swaziland for almost 83
years, making him the longest-reigning
monarch in history.[34] A
regency followed his death, with Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe being
head of state until 1984 when she was removed by the Liqoqo and replaced by
Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala.[34] Mswati III,
the son of Ntfombi, was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and Ingwenyama of
Swaziland.[35]
The 1990s saw a
rise in student and labour protests pressuring the king to introduce reforms.[36] Thus,
progress toward constitutional reforms began, culminating with the introduction
of the current Swazi constitution in 2005. This happened despite objections by
political activists. The current constitution does not clearly deal with the
status of political parties.[37]
The first election
under the new constitution took place in 2008. Members of parliament were
elected from 55 constituencies (also known as tinkhundla). These MPs
served five-year terms which ended in 2013.[37]
In 2011, Swaziland
suffered an economic crisis, due to reduced SACU receipts. This caused the
government to request a loan from neighbouring South Africa. However, they did
not agree with the conditions of the loan, which included political reforms.[38]
During this period,
there was increased pressure on the Swazi government to carry out more reforms.
Public protests by civic organisations and trade unions became
more common. Starting in 2012, improvements in SACU receipts have eased the
fiscal pressure on the Swazi government. A new parliament, the second since
promulgation of the constitution, was elected on 20 September 2013. At this
time the king reappointed Sibusiso
Dlamini as prime minister for the
third time.[39]
On 19 April 2018,
King Mswati III announced
that the Kingdom of Swaziland had renamed itself the Kingdom of Eswatini,
reflecting the extant Swazi name for the state eSwatini, to mark
the 50th anniversary of Swazi independence. The new name, Eswatini, means
"land of the Swazis" in the Swazi language and was partially intended
to prevent confusion with the similarly named Switzerland.[11][12]
Eswatini workers
began anti-government protests against low salaries on 19 September 2018. They
went on a three-day strike organised by the Trade
Union Congress of Swaziland (TUCOSWA)
that resulted in widespread disruption.[40]
Government
and politics[edit]
Main
articles: Politics
of Eswatini and Human
rights in Eswatini
Ingwenyama Mswati III has
been king of Eswatini since 1986.
Monarchy[edit]
Eswatini is
an absolute monarchy with
constitutional provision and Swazi law and customs.[41] The head of state is
the king or Ngwenyama (lit. Lion),
currently King Mswati III,
who ascended to the throne in 1986 after the death of his father King Sobhuza II in
1982 and a period of regency. According to the country's constitution,
the Ingwenyama is
a symbol of unity and the eternity of the Swazi nation.[42]
By tradition, the
king reigns along with his mother (or a ritual substitute), the Ndlovukati (lit. She-Elephant).
The former was viewed as the administrative head of state and the latter as a
spiritual and national head of state, with real power counterbalancing that of
the king, but, during the long reign of Sobhuza II, the role of the Ndlovukati became
more symbolic.[citation
needed]
The king appoints
the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of
legislators to both chambers of the Libandla (parliament)
with help from an advisory council. The king is allowed by the constitution to
appoint some members to parliament to represent special interests. These
special interests are citizens who might have been electoral candidates who
were not elected, or might not have stood as candidates. This is done to
balance views in parliament. Special interests could be people of particular
gender or race, people of disability, the business community, civic society,
scholars, and chiefs.[citation
needed]
Parliament[edit]
The Swazi bicameral Parliament,
or Libandla,
consists of the Senate (30
seats; 10 members appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the
monarch; to serve five-year terms) and the House
of Assembly (65 seats; 10 members
appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote;
to serve five-year terms). The elections are held every five years after
dissolution of parliament by the king. The last elections were held on 18
August and 21 September 2018.[43][44] The
balloting is done in a non-partisan manner.
All election procedures are overseen by the Elections and Boundaries
Commission.[45]
Political culture[edit]
At Swaziland's
independence on 6 September 1968, Swaziland adopted a Westminster-style constitution.
On 12 April 1973, King Sobhuza II annulled it by decree, assuming supreme
powers in all executive, judicial, and legislative matters.[46] The
first non-party elections for the House of Assembly were held in 1978, and they
were conducted under the tinkhundla as
electoral constituencies determined by the King, and established an Electoral
Committee appointed by the King to supervise elections.[46]
Until the 1993
election, the ballot was not secret, voters were not registered, and they did
not elect representatives directly. Instead, voters elected an electoral college by
passing through a gate designated for the candidate of choice while officials
counted them.[46] Later
on, a constitutional review commission was appointed by King Mswati III in July
1996, comprising chiefs, political activists, and unionists to consider public
submissions and draft proposals for a new constitution.[47]
Drafts were
released for comment in May 1999 and November 2000. These were strongly
criticised by civil society organisations in Swaziland and human rights
organisations elsewhere. A 15-member team was announced in December 2001 to
draft a new constitution; several members of this team were reported to be
close to the royal family.[48]
In 2005, the
constitution was put into effect. There is still much debate in the country
about the constitutional reforms. From the early seventies, there was active
resistance to the royal hegemony.[citation
needed]
Elections[edit]
Further
information: Elections
in Eswatini
Nominations take
place at the chiefdoms. On the day of nomination, the name of the nominee is
raised by a show of hand and the nominee is given an opportunity to indicate
whether he or she accepts the nomination. If he or she accepts it, he or she
must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom. The nominations are
for the position of Member of Parliament, Constituency Headman (Indvuna),
and the Constituency Executive Committee (Bucopho). The minimum number
of nominees is four and the maximum is ten.[49]
Primary elections
also take place at the chiefdom level. It is by secret ballot.
During the Primary Elections, the voters are given an opportunity to elect the
member of the executive committee (Bucopho) for that particular chiefdom.
Aspiring members of parliament and the constituency Headman are also elected
from each chiefdom. The secondary and final elections takes place at the
various constituencies called Tinkhundla.[49]
Candidates who won
primary elections in the chiefdoms are considered nominees for the secondary
elections at inkhundla or constituency level. The nominees with majority votes
become the winners and they become members of parliament or constituency
headman.[50][51]
Foreign relations[edit]
Further
information: Foreign
relations of Eswatini
Eswatini is a
member of the United Nations,
the Commonwealth
of Nations, the African Union,
the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,
and the Southern
African Development Community.[52][53][54][55][56]
Judiciary[edit]
The judicial system
in Eswatini is a dual system. The 2006 constitution established a court system
based on the Western model
consisting of four regional Magistrates Courts, a High Court, and a Court of
Appeal (the Supreme Court), which are independent of crown control. In
addition, traditional courts (Swazi Courts or Customary Courts) deal with minor
offenses and violations of traditional Swazi law and custom.[57]
Judges are
appointed by the King and are usually expatriates from South Africa.[58] The
Supreme Court, which replaced the previous Court of Appeal, consists of the
Chief Justice and at least four other Supreme Court judges. The High Court
consists of the Chief Justice and at least four High Court judges.[59]
Chief Justices[edit]
·
1967–1970: Sir
Isadore Victor Elgan
·
1998–2002: Stanley
Sapire
·
2002–2007: Jacobus
Annandale (acting)
·
2007–2010: Richard Banda[60]
·
2010–2015: Michael Ramodibedi[61]
·
2015–present: Bheki Maphalala[62]
Military[edit]
Further
information: Military
of Eswatini
Swazi
army officers
The military of
Eswatini (Umbutfo
Eswatini Defence Force) is used primarily
during domestic protests, with some border and customs duties. The military has
never been involved in a foreign conflict.[63] The
king is the Commander-in-Chief of
the Defence Force and the substantive Minister of the Ministry of Defence.[64]
There are
approximately 3,000 personnel in the defence force, with the army being the
largest component.[65] There
is a small air force, which is mainly used for transporting the king as well as
cargo and personnel, surveying land with search and rescue functions, and
mobilising in case of a national emergency.[66]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Main
article: Regions
of Eswatini
Eswatini is divided
into four regions: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini,
and Shiselweni.
In each of the four regions, there are several tinkhundla (singular inkhundla).
The regions are managed by a regional administrator, who is aided by elected
members in each inkhundla.[67]
The local
government is divided into differently structured rural and urban councils
depending on the level of development in the area. Although there are different
political structures to the local authorities, effectively the urban councils
are municipalities and the rural councils are the tinkhundla. There are twelve
municipalities and 55 tinkhundla.[citation
needed]
There are three
tiers of government in the urban areas and these are city councils, town
councils and town boards. This variation considers the size of the town or
city. Equally, there are three tiers in the rural areas which are the regional
administration at the regional level, tinkhundla and chiefdoms. Decisions are
made by full council based on recommendations made by the various
sub-committees. The town clerk is the chief advisor in each local council
council or town board.[citation
needed]
There are twelve
declared urban areas, comprising two city councils, three town councils and
seven town boards. The main cities and towns in Eswatini are Manzini, Mbabane, Nhlangano and Siteki which
are also regional capitals. The first two have city councils and the latter two
have town councils. Other small towns or urban area with substantial population
are Ezulwini, Matsapha, Hlatikhulu, Pigg's Peak, Simunye,
and Big Bend.[citation
needed]
As noted above,
there are 55 tinkhundla in Eswatini and each elects one representative to
the House
of Assembly of Eswatini. Each inkhundla
has a development committee (bucopho) elected from the various constituency
chiefdoms in its area for a five-year term. Bucopho bring to the inkhundla all
matters of interest and concern to their various chiefdoms, and take back to
the chiefdoms the decisions of the inkhundla. The chairman of the bucopho is
elected at the inkhundla and is called indvuna ye nkhundla.[citation
needed]
|
Administrative
regions of Eswatini and their major towns |
||||
|
Region |
Capital |
Largest city |
Area |
Population |
|
Mbabane |
3,625 |
320,651 |
||
|
Siteki |
5,849 |
212,531 |
||
|
Manzini |
4,093 |
355,945 |
||
|
Nhlangano |
3,786 |
204,111 |
||
Geography[edit]
Main article:
Geography of Eswatini
Topographic
map of Eswatini
Eswatini lies
across a fault which
runs from the Drakensberg Mountains
of Lesotho,
north through the Eastern highlands of Zimbabwe,
and forms the Great
Rift Valley of Kenya.[citation
needed]
A small, landlocked
kingdom, Eswatini is bordered in the North, West and South by the Republic of
South Africa and by Mozambique in the East. Eswatini has a land area of
17,364 km2 (6,704 sq mi). Eswatini has four
separate geographical regions. These run from North to South and are determined
by altitude. Eswatini is at approximately 26°30'S, 31°30'E.[68] Eswatini
has a wide variety of landscapes, from the mountains along the Mozambican
border to savannas in
the east and rain forest in
the northwest. Several rivers flow through the country, such as the Great Usutu River.[69][citation
needed]
Along the eastern
border with Mozambique is the Lubombo, a mountain ridge, at an altitude of
around 600 metres (2,000 ft). The mountains are broken by the canyons of
three rivers, the Ngwavuma,
the Usutu and
the Mbuluzi River.
This is cattle ranching country. The western border of Eswatini, with an
average altitude of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft), lies on the edge of an escarpment.
Between the mountains rivers rush through deep gorges. Mbabane, the capital, is
on the Highveld.[citation
needed]
Landscape
in Eswatini
The Middleveld,
lying at an average 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level is the most
densely populated region of Eswatini with a lower rainfall than the mountains.
Manzini, the principal commercial and industrial city, is situated in the
Middleveld.[citation
needed]
The Lowveld of
Eswatini, at around 250 metres (820 ft), is less populated than other areas
and presents a typical African bush country of thorn trees and grasslands.
Development of the region was inhibited, in early days, by the scourge of malaria.[citation
needed]
Climate[edit]
Further
information: Climate
of Eswatini
Eswatini is divided
into four climatic regions: the Highveld, Middleveld, Lowveld and Lubombo
plateau. The seasons are the reverse of those in the Northern Hemisphere with
December being mid-summer and June mid-winter. Generally speaking, rain falls
mostly during the summer months, often in the form of thunderstorms.[citation
needed]
Winter is the dry
season. Annual rainfall is highest on the Highveld in the west, between 1,000
and 2,000 mm (39.4 and 78.7 in) depending on the year. The further
east, the less rain, with the Lowveld recording 500 to 900 mm (19.7 to
35.4 in) per annum.[citation
needed]
Variations in
temperature are also related to the altitude of the different regions. The
Highveld temperature is temperate and seldom uncomfortably hot, while the
Lowveld may record temperatures around 40 °C (104 °F) in summer.[citation
needed]
The average
temperatures at Mbabane, according to season:
|
Spring |
September–October |
18 °C (64.4 °F) |
|
Summer |
November–March |
20 °C (68 °F) |
|
Autumn |
April–May |
17 °C (62.6 °F) |
|
Winter |
June–August |
13 °C (55.4 °F) |
Climate change[edit]
Climate change in
Eswatini is mainly evident in changing precipitation - including variability,
persistent drought and heightened storm intensity. In turn, this leads to
desertification, increased food insecurity and reduced river flows. Despite
being responsible for a negligible portion of total global greenhouse gas
emissions Eswatini is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The
government of Eswatini has expressed concern that climate change is
exacerbating existing social challenges such as poverty, a high HIV prevalence
and food insecurity and will drastically restrict the country's ability to
develop, as per Vision 2022.[70] Economically,
climate change has already adversely impacted Eswatini. For instance, the
2015-2016 drought decreased sugar and soft drink concentrate production export
(Eswatini's largest economic export). Many of Eswatini's major exports are raw,
agricultural products and are therefore vulnerable to a changing climate.[71]
Wildlife[edit]
Main
article: Wildlife
of Eswatini
See
also: Category:
Flora of Swaziland
There are known to
be 507
bird species in Eswatini, including 11
globally threatened species and four introduced species, and 107
mammal species native to
Eswatini, including the critically endangered South-central
black rhinoceros and seven
other endangered or vulnerable species.[citation
needed]
Protected
areas of Eswatini include seven
nature reserves, four frontier conservation areas and three wildlife or game
reserves. Hlane
Royal National Park, the largest park
in Eswatini, is rich in bird life, including white-backed
vultures, white-headed, lappet-faced and Cape vultures,
raptors such as martial eagles, bateleurs,
and long-crested eagles,
and the southernmost nesting site of the marabou stork.[72]
Economy[edit]
Main article:
Economy of Eswatini
A
proportional representation of Swazi exports
Eswatini's economy
is diverse, with agriculture, forestry and
mining accounting for about 13% of GDP, manufacturing (textiles and
sugar-related processing) representing 37% of GDP and services – with
government services in the lead – constituting 50% of GDP. Title Deed Lands
(TDLs), where the bulk of high value crops are grown (sugar, forestry, and
citrus) are characterised by high levels of investment and irrigation, and high
productivity.[citation
needed]
About 75% of the
population is employed in subsistence
agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land (SNL).
In contrast with the commercial farms, Swazi Nation Land suffers from low
productivity and investment. This dual nature of the Swazi economy, with high
productivity in textile manufacturing and in the industrialised agricultural
TDLs on the one hand, and declining productivity subsistence agriculture (on
SNL) on the other, may well explain the country's overall low growth, high
inequality and unemployment.[citation
needed]
Economic growth in
Eswatini has lagged behind that of its neighbours. Real GDP growth since 2001
has averaged 2.8%, nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern
African Customs Union (SACU) member
countries. Low agricultural productivity in the SNLs, repeated droughts, the
devastating effect of HIV/AIDS and an overly large and inefficient government
sector are likely contributing factors. Eswatini's public finances deteriorated
in the late 1990s following sizeable surpluses a decade earlier. A combination
of declining revenues and increased spending led to significant budget
deficits.[citation
needed]
Central
Bank in Mbabane
The considerable
spending did not lead to more growth and did not benefit the poor. Much of the
increased spending has gone to current expenditures related to wages,
transfers, and subsidies. The wage bill today constitutes over 15% of GDP and
55% of total public spending; these are some of the highest levels on the
African continent. The recent rapid growth in SACU revenues has, however,
reversed the fiscal situation, and a sizeable surplus was recorded since
2006. SACU revenues
today account for over 60% of total government revenues. On the positive side,
the external debt burden has declined markedly over the last 20 years, and
domestic debt is almost negligible; external debt as a percent of GDP was less
than 20% in 2006.[citation
needed]
Eswatini's economy is very closely linked to the economy of South Africa, from which it receives over 90% of its imports and to which it sends about 70% of its exports. Eswatini's other key trading partners are the United States and the EU, from whom the country has received trade preferences for apparel exports (under the African Growth and Opportunity Act – AGOA – to the US) and for sugar (to the EU). Under these agreements, both apparel and sugar exports did well, with rapid growth and a strong inflow of foreign direct investment. Textile exports grew by over 200% between 2000 and 2005 and sugar exports increasing by more than 50% over the same period.[citation needed]
Eswatini
is part of the Southern
African Customs Union (green).
The continued
vibrancy of the export sector is threatened by the removal of trade preferences
for textiles, the accession to similar preferences for East Asian countries,
and the phasing out of preferential prices for sugar to the EU market. Eswatini
will thus have to face the challenge of remaining competitive in a changing
global environment. A crucial factor in addressing this challenge is the
investment climate.[citation
needed]
The recently
concluded Investment Climate Assessment provides some positive findings in this
regard, namely that Eswatini firms are among the most productive in Sub-Saharan
Africa, although they are less productive than firms in the most productive
middle-income countries in other regions. They compare more favourably with firms
from lower middle income countries, but are hampered by inadequate governance
arrangements and infrastructure.[citation
needed]
Eswatini's
currency, the lilangeni,
is pegged to the South African rand,
subsuming Eswatini's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the
Southern African Customs Union, which may equal as much as 70% of government
revenue this year, and worker remittances from
South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income. Eswatini is
not poor enough to merit an IMF programme;
however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and
control costs at public enterprises. The government is trying to improve the
atmosphere for foreign
direct investment.[citation
needed]
Society[edit]
Demographics[edit]
Main article:
Demographics of Eswatini
Eswatini's
population in thousands (1961–2013)
The majority of
Eswatini's population is ethnically Swazi,
mixed with a small number of Zulu and White Africans,
mostly people of British and Afrikaner descent.
Traditionally Swazi have been subsistence farmers and
herders, but most now mix such activities with work in the growing urban formal
economy and in government. Some Swazi work in the mines in South Africa.[citation
needed]
Eswatini also
received Portuguese settlers
and African refugees from Mozambique.
Christianity in Eswatini is sometimes mixed with traditional beliefs and practices.
Many traditionalists believe that most Swazi ascribe a special spiritual role
to the monarch.[citation
needed]
Population centres[edit]
Further
information: List
of cities in Eswatini
This is a list of
major cities and towns in Eswatini. The table below also includes the
population and region.
|
Rank |
City |
Census 1986 |
Census 1997 |
2005 estimate |
Region |
|
1. |
46,058 |
78,734 |
110,537 |
||
|
2. |
38,290 |
57,992 |
76,218 |
||
|
3. |
4,107 |
6,540 |
9,016 |
||
|
4. |
2,271 |
4,157 |
6,152 |
Languages[edit]
Main
article: Languages
of Eswatini
SiSwati[73] (also
known as Swati, Swazi or Siswati) is
a Bantu language of
the Nguni Group,
spoken in Eswatini and South Africa. It has 2.5 million speakers and is
taught in schools. It is an official language of Eswatini, along with English,[74] and
one of the official languages of South Africa. English is the medium of
communication in schools and in conducting business including the press.[citation
needed]
About
76,000 people in the country speak Zulu.[75] Tsonga,
which is spoken by many people throughout the region is spoken by about
19,000 people in Eswatini. Afrikaans is
also spoken by some residents of Afrikaner descent.
Portuguese has been introduced as a third language in the schools, due to the
large community of Portuguese speakers from Mozambique[citation
needed] or Northern and Central
Portugal.[76]
Religion[edit]
Main
article: Religion
in Eswatini
Eighty-three
percent of the total population adheres to Christianity in Eswatini. Anglican, Protestant and indigenous
African churches, including African Zionist,
constitute the majority of Christians (40%), followed by Roman Catholicism at
6% of the population. On 18 July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya,
was elected Anglican Bishop of Swaziland, becoming the first woman
to be a bishop in Africa. Fifteen percent of the population follows traditional
religions; other non-Christian religions
practised in the country include Islam (2%[77]),
the Baháʼí Faith (0.5%),
and Hinduism (0.2%).[78] There
were 14 Jewish families
in 2013.[79]
The Kingdom of
Eswatini does not recognise non-civil marriages such as Islamic-rite marriage
contracts.[80]
Health[edit]
Main
article: Health
in Eswatini
See
also: HIV/AIDS
in Eswatini
As of 2016,
Eswatini has the highest prevalence of HIV among
adults aged 15 to 49 in the world (27.2%).[81][82]
Education[edit]
Main
article: Education
in Eswatini
A
rural primary school in Eswatini
Education in
Eswatini begins with pre-school education for infants, primary, secondary and
high school education for general education and training (GET), and
universities and colleges at the tertiary level. Pre-school education is
usually for children 5-year or younger; after that the students can enroll in a
primary school anywhere in the country. In Eswatini early childhood care and
education (ECCE) centres are in the form of preschools or neighbourhood care
points (NCPs). In the country 21.6% of preschool age children have access to
early childhood education.[83]
Primary education
in Eswatini begins at the age of six. It is a seven-year programme that
culminates with an end of Primary school Examination [SPC] in grade 7 which is
a locally based assessment administered by the Examinations Council through
schools. Primary Education is from grade 1 to grade 7.[84]
The secondary and
high school education system in Eswatini is a five-year programme divided into
three years junior secondary and two years senior secondary. There is an
external public examination (Junior Certificate) at the end of the junior
secondary that learners have to pass to progress to the senior secondary level.
The Examinations Council of Swaziland (ECESWA) administers this examination. At
the end of the senior secondary level, learners sit for a public examination,
the Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education (SGCSE) and
International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) which is
accredited by the Cambridge International Examination (CIE). A few schools
offer the Advanced Studies (AS) programme in their curriculum.[85]
There are 830
public schools in Eswatini including primary, secondary and high schools.[86] There
are also 34 recognised private schools with an additional 14 unrecognised. The
biggest number of schools is in the Hhohho region.[86] Education
in Eswatini as of 2009 is free at primary level, mainly first through the
fourth grade and also free for orphaned and vulnerable children, but not
compulsory.[87]
In 1996, the net
primary school enrollment rate was 90.8%, with gender parity at the primary
level.[87] In
1998, 80.5% of children reached grade five.[87] Eswatini
is home to a United World College. In 1963, Waterford School, later named Waterford Kamhlaba United World
College of Southern Africa, was founded as
southern Africa's first multiracial school. In 1981, Waterford Kamhlaba joined
the United
World Colleges movement as
the first United World College on the African continent, and the only African
UWC until 2019 when UWC East Africa was established [88].
Adult and
non-formal education centres are Sebenta National Institute for adult basic
literacy and Emlalatini Development Centre, which provides alternative
educational opportunities for school children and young adults who have not
been able to complete their schooling.[citation
needed]
Higher education[edit]
The University
of Eswatini, Southern African Nazarene
University and Swaziland Christian University (SCU) are the institutions that
offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can
be found at Sidvwashini (Sidwashini), a suburb of the capital Mbabane.
Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching
colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is
home to the College for Nursing Assistants.[89][90]
The University of
Eswatini is the national university, established in 1982 by act of Pparliament,
and is headquartered at Kwaluseni with
additional campuses in Mbabane and Luyengo.[91] The
Southern African Nazarene University (SANU) was established in 2010 as a merger
of the Nazarene College of Nursing, College of Theology and the Nazarene
Teachers College; it is in Manzini next
to the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital. It is the university that produce the
most nurses in the country. As a university, it encampasses three faculties of
which one is at Siteki which is the faculty of Theology and the other Two are
found in Manzini which are the faculties of Education and the faculty of health
Sciences [92][93]
The SCU, focusing
on medical education, was established in 2012 and is Eswatini's newest
university.[94] It
is in Mbabane.[95] The
campus of Limkokwing University was opened at Sidvwashini in Mbabane in 2012.[96]
The main centre for
technical training in Eswatini is the Swaziland
College of Technology (SCOT) which
is slated to become a full university.[97] It
aims to provide high quality training in technology and business studies in
collaboration with the commercial, industrial and public sectors.[98] Other
technical and vocational institutions include the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training
Institute in Matsapha,
the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre (MITC) in Manzini, Nhlangano
Agricultural Skills Training Centre, and Siteki Industrial Training Centre.
In addition to
these institutions, the kingdom also has the Swaziland Institute of Management
and Public Administration (SIMPA) and Institute of Development Management
(IDM). SIMPA is a government-owned management and development institute and IDM
is a regional organisation in Botswana, Lesotho,
and Eswatini, providing training, consultancy, and research in management.
North Carolina State University's Poole
College of Management is a sister
school of SIMPA.[99] The
Mananga Management Centre was established at Ezulwini as
Mananga Agricultural Management Centre in 1972 as an international management
development centre offering training of middle and senior managers.[100]
Culture[edit]
Main
article: Culture
of Eswatini
See
also: Music of Eswatini
King Mswati III at
the reed dance festival where he will choose his next wife
The principal Swazi
social unit is the homestead, a traditional beehive hut thatched with dry
grass. In a polygamous homestead, each wife has her own hut and yard surrounded
by reed fences. There are three structures for sleeping, cooking, and storage
(brewing beer). In larger homesteads there are also structures used as
bachelors' quarters and guest accommodation.
Central to the
traditional homestead is the cattle byre,
a circular area enclosed by large logs, interspaced with branches. The cattle
byre has ritual as well as practical significance as a store of wealth and
symbol of prestige. It contains sealed grain pits. Facing the cattle byre is
the great hut which is occupied by the mother of the headman.
The headman is
central to all homestead affairs and he is often polygamous.
He leads through example and advises his wives on all social affairs of the
home as well as seeing to the larger survival of the family. He also spends
time socialising with the young boys, who are often his sons or close
relatives, advising them on the expectations of growing up and manhood.
The Sangoma is
a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The
training of the Sangoma is called "kwetfwasa". At the end of the
training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come
together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for various
purposes, such as determining the cause of sickness or even death. His
diagnosis is based on "kubhula", a process of communication, through
trance, with the natural superpowers. The Inyanga (a
medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms) possesses the bone
throwing skill ("kushaya ematsambo") used to determine the cause of
the sickness.
The most important
cultural event in Eswatini is the Incwala ceremony.
It is held on the fourth day after the full moon nearest the longest day, 21
December. Incwala is often translated in English as "first fruits
ceremony", but the King's tasting of the new harvest is only one aspect
among many in this long pageant. Incwala is best translated as "Kingship
Ceremony": when there is no king, there is no Incwala. It is high treason for
any other person to hold an Incwala.
Every Swazi may
take part in the public parts of the Incwala. The climax of the event is the
fourth day of the Big Incwala. The key figures are the King, Queen Mother,
royal wives and children, the royal governors (indunas),
the chiefs, the regiments, and the "bemanti" or "water
people".
Eswatini's most
well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance.
In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother
and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or
early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. The aims of the
ceremony are to preserve girls' chastity, provide tribute labour for the Queen
mother, and to encourage solidarity by working together. The royal family
appoints a commoner maiden to be "induna" (captain) of the girls and
she announces the dates of the annual ceremony over the radio. The chosen induna
is expected to be an expert dancer and knowledgeable on royal protocol. One of
the King's daughters acts as her counterpart during the ceremony.
The Reed Dance
today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old "umchwasho"
custom. In "umchwasho", all young girls were placed in a female
age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid
a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, when the girls
had reached a marriageable age, they would perform labour service for the Queen
Mother, ending with dancing and feasting. The country was under the chastity rite of
"umchwasho" until 19 August 2005.
Eswatini is also
known for a strong presence in the handcrafts industry. The formalised
handcraft businesses of Eswatini employ over 2,500 people, many of whom are
women (per TechnoServe Swaziland Handcrafts Impact Study, February
2011). The products are unique and reflect the culture of Eswatini, ranging
from housewares, to artistic decorations, to complex glass, stone, or wood
artwork.
Princess Sikhanyiso Dlamini at
the reed dance (umhlanga) festival
A
traditional Swazi homestead
Swazi
warriors at the incwala ceremony
See
also[edit]
·
Index
of Eswatini-related articles
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Yorumlar