Ethiopia
1. Country / Territory
Brief
Ethiopia, the second-most
populous nation in Africa, has the largest economy by GDP in East and Central
Africa and is one of
the fastest growing
economies in the world. The new government formed in 2012 has inherited a
number of challenges,
including the volatile
situation in neighbouring Somalia and an unresolved border conflict with
Eritrea. Ethiopia applied for WTO
membership in 2003 and the
on-going negotiation on WTO accession is largely indicative of the country’s
goal of opening up its
economy.
ITC is pursuing its role
in facilitating Ethiopia’s accession to the WTO and assisting the Ethiopian
Chamber of Commerce and
Sectoral Associations to
mobilise resources for capacity building for SMEs in the country. Through its
project titled Supporting
India’s Trade Preferences
for Africa (SITA), ITC will also be aiming to promote exports from five East
African countries including
Ethiopia, to India,
through investments and the transfer of skills.
2. People and Economy
2.1 People
Total
population
(growth
rates per annum) 82,621,190 in 2012 with growth rates of 2.6% p.a during
2008-2012
Population
density
(people
per sq. km of
land
area)
83 in 2012
Female
population 50.0% in 2012
Population
below 15
years
of age 43.3% in 2008 ; 45.3% in 2012
Urban
population 16.3% in 2012
Population
living below
$1.25 a
day at purchasing
power
parity (PPP)
N.A
Ranking
in the Human
Development
Index (HDI) 173 out of 186 in 2012
Evolution of the Human Development Index (HDI)
Source: United Nations Development
Programme Human Development Indicators
Note: The Human
Development Index measures the overall development of a nation and ranges from
0 (low level of
development) to 1 (highest
level of development). The United Nations Development Programme (http://hdr.undp.org)
provides a detailed
explanation. ITC Regional group refers to ITC definition
Health Life
expectancy at birth (years) (62); Mortality rate, under-5 (per thousand live
births) (68.3) in
2012
Education
Education index - expected and mean years of schooling (rank) (
181 out of 191) in 2012
Income
level GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005 international $) ( )
in 2012
Inequality
Inequality-adjusted HDI (rank) (121 out of 191)in 2012
Poverty
Multidimensional Poverty Index (rank)( 2 out of 191) in 2012
Gender Gender
inequality index (rank) () in 2012
Sustainability
Adjusted net savings (% of GNI) (n.a) in 2012
2.2 Economy
Added
value per sector
(current
US$ and % of GDP)
Sector
added value
2004 2008
2012
US $ %GDP
US $ %GDP US $ %GDP
Agriculture 4,059 44.2
10,992 43.9 N.A. N.A.
Industry 1,291 14.1
3,251 13 N.A. N.A.
Manufacturing 489 5.3
1,193 4.8 N.A. N.A.
Services 3,836 41.8
10,802 43.1 N.A. N.A.
Source: World Bank World
Development Indicators (WDI)
Note: Added value is US$
terms are expressed in million, GDP US$, and
"6,976 to be read
6'976"
Evolution
of GDP (constant
2005 US$)
Source: World Bank World
Development Indicators (WDI)
Note: ITC calculations
based on the World Bank WDI
Evolution of GDP per capita (constant 2005 US$)
Source: World Bank World
Development Indicators (WDI)
Note: ITC calculations
based on the World Bank WDI
Aid Dependency (Official Development Assistance/Gross National Income)
Source: World Bank World
Development Indicators (WDI)
Note: ITC calculations
based on the World Bank WDI. Regional group
refers to ITC definition
3. Trade Performance
3.1 General Trade
Performance
3.1.1 Evolution of Trade Ratio to GDP - Goods
3.1.2 Evolution of Trade
Ratio to GDP - Services
3.1.3 Evolution of Total
Trade
3.1.5 Export and Import
by Leading Destination - Export
3.1.6 Export and Import
by Leading Destination - Import
3.1.8 Evolution of
Exports and Imports by Destination - Import
3.1.9 Total Export
Growth
Source: ITC,
calculations based on ITC’s Trade Competitiveness Map data.
Note:Graph shows
decomposition of the country’s export growth in value terms by diversification
pattern over the indicated
period.
3.1.10 Marginal Export
Growth
Source: ITC,
calculations based on ITC’s Trade Competitiveness Map data.
Note:Graph shows
decomposition of the country’s export growth in value by structural driving
effects over the indicated period.
Values are in US$
thousands.
3.1.11 Composition of
Trade in Services - Export
3.1.13 Evolution of FDI
3.2.1 Sectoral Diversification in Products - Export
3.2.2 Sectoral
Diversification in Destinations - Export
3.2.4 Sectors by World
Demand - Import
3.2.5 Trade Performance
Index
4. Trade Strategy and
Policy
4.1 Trade and
Development Strategies
Year
Strategy name Sector
2011 Ethiopia's
Climate Resilient Green Economy Industry, Forestry, Livestock,
Agriculture, Electricity,
Construction Industry,
Transports, Industry
2011
UNDAF Ethiopia 2012-2015
The United Nations
Development Assistance
Framework (UNDAF) for
Ethiopia is aligned with...
2010
Ethiopia's Agricultural
Sector Policy and Investment
Framework (PIF)
The PIF sets out a 10-year
framework within which
investments in the...
2010
Growth and
Transformation Plan (GTP)
The GTP aims to achieve
the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs)
in 2015,...
Live Animals, Meat,
Vegetables, Herbs, Fruits, Pulses, Sugar
Industry, Coffee,
Spices,...
2010
Spices Export Strategy
The strategy provides an
overview of the spices
sector, analysing the
main...
Spices, Natural Cosmetics
2004
Ethiopia Trade and
Transformation
The document outlines the
potential benefits for
Ethiopia deriving from
deeper trade...
Live Animals, Meat,
Cereals, Vegetables, Sugar Industry,
Coffee, Floriculture,
Leather Industry, Textile Industry,
Tourism
2002
Industry Development
Strategy of Ethiopia
The document provides for
the implementation of
agricultural-led and
export-oriented industrialization.
It...
Meat, Agro-Processing
Industry, Leather Industry, Textiles
and Garments, Construction
Industry
4.2 Domestic and Foreign
Market Access
Overview:
Trade Policy and Business Environment
The federal democratic
republic of Ethiopia is classified as a low-income country with a long-term
vision to become a middleincome
economy. Ethiopia is in the
process of accession to the WTO, which is believed to accelerate the country's
integration
into the global trading
system. The country was ranked 106th out of 132 countries in the World Economic
Forum Enabling
Trade Index (2012), which
measures institutions, policies and services to facilitate trade in countries.
Its business and regulatory
environment is deficient
in competition and the availability and quality of transport infrastructure,
and information and
communication technology
are low. In particular, identifying potential markets and buyers as well as
access to trade finance are
the most problematic
factors for trade.
WTO, 2013, Accession
Status (Ethiopia)
WTO, 2013, Tariff
profile (Ethiopia)
African Union, 2013,
Commission Status of Integration in Africa
World Economic Forum,
2012, The Global Enabling Trade Report
INDICATOR,
UNITS RANK/132 SCORE
Domestic Market Access The
pillar assesses the level and complexity of a country’s tariff protection
as a
result of its trade policy. This component includes the effective
trade-weighted average tariff
applied
by a country, the share of goods imported duty free and the complexity of the
tariff regime,
measured
through tariff variance, the prevalence of tariff peaks and specific tariffs,
and the number
of distinct
tariffs.
124 3.41
Foreign Market Access The
pillar assesses tariff barriers faced by a country’s exporters in destination
markets.
It includes the average tariffs faced by the country as well as the margin of
preference in
destination
markets negotiated through bilateral or regional trade agreements or granted in
the form
of
trade preferences.
54 2.94
Tariff rate (%) This
indicator is calculated as a trade-weighted average of all the applied tariff
rates,
including
preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world. The weights
are the trade
patterns
of the importing country’s reference group (2012 data). An applied tariff is a
customs duty
that is
levied on imports of merchandise goods.
124 12.68
Complexity of tariffs ,
index 1-7 (best) This indicator is calculated as the average of the
following
indicators:
Tariff dispersion, Specific tariffs and Number of distinct tariffs. See
description of each
individual
indicator for more details. Prior to averaging, values for each indicator were
transformed to
a 1–7
score, using the min-max method.
37 6.50
Tariffs dispersion
(standard deviation) This indicator reflects differences in tariffs across
product
categories
in a country’s tariff structure. The variance is calculated across all the tariffs
on imported
merchandise
goods, at the 6-digit level of the Harmonized Schedule.
103 11.60
Tariffs peaks (%) This
indicator is the ratio of the number of tariff lines exceeding three times the
average
domestic tariff (across all products) to the MFN (most-favoured nation) tariff
schedule. The
tariff
schedule is equal to the total number of tariff lines for each country. These
tariffs are revised on
a
yearly basis.
1 0.00
Specific tariffs (%) This
indicator is the ratio of the number of Harmonized System (HS) tariff lines,
with at
least one specific tariff, to the total number of HS tariff lines. A specific
tariff is a tariff rate
charged
on fixed amount per quantity (as opposed to ad valorem)
1 0.00
Number of distinct
tariffs This indicator reflects the number of distinct tariff rates applied
by a country
to its
imports across all sectors.
25 6.00
Share of duty-free
imports (%) Share of trade, excluding petroleum, that is imported free of
tariff
duties,
taking into account MFN tariffs and preferential agreements. Tariff data is
from 2013 or most
recent
year available and imports data is from 2012
119 13.37
Tariffs faced (%) This
indicator is calculated as the trade-weighted average of the applied tariff
rates,
including
preferential rates that the rest of the world applies to each country. The
weights are the
trade
patterns of the importing country’s reference group (2012 data). A tariff is a
customs duty that is
levied
by the destination country on imports of merchandise goods
24 4.96
Index of margin of
preference in destination markets, 0-100 (best) This indicator measures the
percentage
by which particular imports from one country are subject to lower tariffs than
the MFN
rate.
It is calculated as the average of two components: 1) the trade-weighted
average difference
between
the MFN tariff and the most advantageous preferential duty (advantage score),
and 2) the
ratio
of the advantage score to the trade-weighted average MFN tariff level. This
allows capturing
both
the absolute and the relative margin of preference.
74 22.68
Source : World
Economic Forum, Global Enabling Trade Report 2014
Trade
Policy and Market Access
In January 2003 Ethiopia
officially applied for membership into the WTO. Although several challenges
remain and, therefore,
the process of
negotiations is slow, Ethiopia is expected to meet all of the requirements set
out for accession and become a
member in the near future.
Ethiopia is a member of the following organisations and regional markets:
Common Market for
Eastern and Southern
Africa (COMESA); the Africa Free Trade Zone (AFTZ); African Union (AU); the
African, Caribbean and
Pacific Group of States
(ACP); the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD); and the Economic
Commission for
Africa (EAC). However,
Ethiopia its commitment to regional integration remains at the lower end.
Although Ethiopia is a
founding member of the
COMESA since 1993, it remains as a COMESA non-FTA member country; nevertheless
goods
imported from COMESA
countries are afforded a 10 per cent tariff preference. Ethiopia's average MFN
applied tariff in 2012
was 17.3 per cent.
Agricultural products face higher tariffs (22.4 per cent) compared to
non-agricultural products (16.5 per
cent). High import tariffs
policy is adopted to protect certain industries such as the clothing and
textile industries.
Standard
Compliance and Other Relevant Import/Export Restrictions
In the process of WTO
accession, the Quality and Standard Authority of Ethiopia, which used to
oversee the quality and
standards accreditation
and certification, were divided into the Ethiopian Standard Agency, the
Ethiopian Conformity
Assessment Enterprise,
the National Accreditation office, and the National Metrology Institute, so as
to ensure a clear division of
responsibilities and the
efficient handling of tasks. Among them, the Ethiopian Standards Agency was
designated as the WTO
Technical Barriers to
Trade (TBT) National Enquiry in 2010. The agency aims to have ten thousand
items standardized by the
end of 2017. Moreover,
the country has yet set up the formal relationship with the WTO Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Information
Management System
(SPIMS) through its SPS Enquiry Points and National Notification Authority.
Ethiopia signed the
Comprehensive African
Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) compact in 2009, which targets key
sub-sectors like the
livestock, in which
Ethiopia leads the region. The compact underpins existing food security and
nutrition programs which relates
to World Trade
Organization (WTO) accession and implementation.
COMESA Secretariat,
2013, Establishing Priorities for SPS Capacity-Building Using Multi Criteria
Decision Analysis in Ethiopia
4.3 Trade Facilitation
Description
Ethiopia is a land locked
country and most trading is done through Djibouti (90 per cent) and through the
airport at Addis Ababa (5
per cent) (OECD 2011). According to the World Banks Logistics Performance Index
(LPI) (2012) which
measures trade logistics efficiency, Ethiopia was ranked 141st out of 155
countries and all
scores are below the
averages of the Sub-Saharan Africa region. A recent World Bank study assesses
that
Ethiopia’s key logistics
bottlenecks are related to complex border clearance and inland transportation.
For
instance, inspection is frequent
and highly susceptible to rent seeking, which is handled by more than one
agency that causes delays.
According to the World Bank Doing Business Report (2013), exporting and
importing one standard
container of goods takes 44 days each in Ethiopia, while the countries in the
same
region takes 31 days to
import and 38 to export days on average. This is also supported by the OECD
Trade
Facilitation Indicators
(2013) which state that Ethiopia’s performance in harmonisation and
simplification of
documents, automation and
streamlining of procedures are below the regional average (OECD 2013).
Although the improvement
of Ethiopia’s trade facilitation is at a slower pace, its major step is the
introduction
of the Multimodal
Transport System (MTS), which is defined as “the usage of multiple modes of
transportation
for the delivery of goods
in a single contract with a carrier for it to assume all responsibilities for
the
transportation of cargo
between two countries” (World Bank 2013). However, challenges remain, such as
monopolistic privileges by
the Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Services Enterprise (ESLSE), which hamper
market-oriented
implementation.
Source: OECD,
2011, Customs Reform and Trade Facilitation in Ethiopia
OECD, 2013, Trade
Facilitation Indicators (Ethiopia)
World Bank, 2013,
Ethiopia Economic Update II, Laying the Foundation for Achieving Middle Income
Status
World Bank, 2012,
Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
Logistics Performance Index
(LPI): Country Comparison
Source: World
Bank, 2012, Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
Logistics Performance Index – Evolution
Source: World
Bank, 2012, Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
4.4 Business and
Regulatory Environment
Description
The latest World Bank
Doing Business Report (2013) ranked Ethiopia 125th out of 189 economies.
Among the 10 categories
analysed by this study, Ethiopia performs relatively better in enforcing
contracts
and dealing with
construction permits, whereas its performance in starting a business and
trading across
borders are lacking.
Ethiopia’s rank on the ease of trading across borders is lower than that of
countries
in the same region (Kenya,
Uganda, and Rwanda) except Eritrea. According to the U.S. Investment
Climate Statement (2013),
in Ethiopia, foreign investors generally do not face discrimination such as tax
treatment, denial of
licenses, discriminatory import or export policies, or inequitable tariff and
non-tariff
barriers. At the regional
level, the COMESA Regional Investment Agency has been created and is
expected to coordinate and
strengthen the activities of the COMESA national investment promotion
agencies (UN Economic
Commission for African 2013). However, Ethiopia has a strong state-led
investment policy and
state-run sectors such as banking and telecommunication have not been
liberalised
for both domestic and
foreign private investment, which result in a competitive market economy in
only
few sectors whilst the
institutional framework remains weak.
Source: Bertelsmann
Stiftung, 2012, Country Report (Ethiopia)
UN Economic Commission
for Africa, 2013, Assessment of progress on regional integration in
Africa
U.S. Department of
State, 2013, Investment Climate Statement (Ethiopia
Ventures Africa, 2013,
Ethiopia To Join WTO In 2015
World Bank, 2013, Doing
Business
The Business Environment: Doing Business
Source: World
Bank, 2013, Doing Business (Ethiopia)
Multilateral Trade
Instruments
Abstract
The Trade
Treaties
Map tool
is a web-based
system on
multilateral trade
treaties and
instruments
designed to assist
trade support
institutions (TSIs)
and policymakers
in optimizing their
country's legal
framework on
international
trade
Instrument ratified : 67
/ 266 instruments
Ratification rate : 25.2%
Weighted score : 32.8/100
Ratification Rate Rank
Weighted Score Rank
In World : 160 /
193 164 / 193
In Region : Sub-Saharan
Africa 35/ 47 39/ 47
In Development level : Least
developed country 29/ 48 31/ 48
Graph
Presents a visual
illustration
breaking down a
country’s
ratification level
according to
various
categories and
compares it to the
world average.
Instruments
ratified
Click here for a full list and more details about these
multi-lateral trade instruments
4.5 Infrastructure
The latest World Economic
Forum Global Competitiveness Report (2013) ranked the quality of overall
infrastructure of Ethiopia
112nd out of 148
countries. Among the categories analysed by this survey, mobile telephone
subscriptions and fixed telephone
lines per 100 populations
are particularly low-ranked 147th and 130th respectively. Ethiopia’s
telecommunication sector is
regarded as an untapped
market and has one of the lowest rates of internet and mobile telephone
penetration in the world.
Mobile phone penetration
is about 25 per cent in Ethiopia, whereas its average in Africa is 70 per cent
(The Economist 2013).
Access to the internet is
also low in Ethiopia with 2.5 per cent, compared with 40 per cent in Kenya. The
capacity to provide
services is deficient because
the government monopolises the sector, constraining competition. However, the
liberalisation of
the telecommunication
sector is one of the key requirements for Ethiopia’s accession to the WTO. The
strong state-led
investment policy also
applies to the banking and electricity sector. Given the lack of transparency
in the procurement system
and a high demand from
investors, the Ethiopian government has established a public procurement and
property administration
agency with its own
judicial branch.
Source: WEF,
2013, Global Competitiveness Report
The Economist , 2013,
Telecoms in Ethiopia
Transparency
International, 2012, Corruption Perceptions Index
Indicator
Value Rank/148
Quality of overall
infrastructure How would you assess general infrastructure (e.g.,
transport,
telephony, and energy) in your country? [1 = extremely underdeveloped—
among
the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient—among the best in the
world]
| 2012–13 weighted average.
2.84 116
Quality of roads How
would you assess roads in your country? (1 = extremely
underdeveloped;
7 = extensive and efficient by international standards) | 2010, 2011. 4.07 63
Quality of railroad
infrastructure How would you assess the railroad system in your
country?
(1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = extensive and efficient by international
standards)
| 2010, 2011.
1.49 102
Quality of port
infrastructure How would you assess port facilities in your country? (1 =
extremely
underdeveloped; 7 = well-developed and efficient by international
standards).
For landlocked countries, this measures the ease of access to port
facilities
and inland waterways | 2010, 2011.
3.10 112
Quality of air transport
infrastructure How would you assess passenger air transport
infrastructure
in your country? (1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = extensive and
efficient
by international standards) | 2010, 2011.
5.35 40
Individuals using
Internet (%) Internet users are people with access to the worldwide
network.
22.38 137
Mobile telephone
subscriptions/100 pop According to the World Bank, mobile cellular
telephone
subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service using
cellular
technology, which provides access to switched telephone technology.
Postpaid
and prepaid subscriptions are included. This can also include analogue and
digital
cellular systems but should not include non-cellular systems. Subscribers to
fixed
wireless, public mobile data services, or radio paging services are not
included.
1.48 135
Fixed broadband Internet
subscriptions/100 pop: The International Telecommunication
Union
considers broadband to be any dedicated connection to the Internet of 256
kilobits
per second or faster, in both directions. Broadband subscribers refers to the
sum of
DSL, cable modem and other broadband (for example, fiber optic, fixed
wireless,
apartment LANs, satellite connections) subscribers.
0.01 134
Source: World
Economic Forum, Global Enabling Trade Report 2014
5. ITC and the
Country/Territory
5.1 ITC Projects
5.1.1
Current projects
Trade promotion and
value addition for African cotton
LDCs: Fostering business
support to the WTO Accession project
T4SD Small Traders
Capacity Building Programme
5.1.2
Recent projects
Project development:
Supporting India's Trade Preferences for Africa's Poor (SITA)
Project development:
Cotton to clothing: Enhancing African capacity and trade through the use of
Turkish know-how
WTO Accession: Ethiopia
Comesa regional trade
information networks
PACT 2 - COMESA Leather
Sector Regional Export Development
PACT 2 - COMESA Regional
Private Sector Apex Bodies for Public-Private Dialogue
PACT 2 - COMESA Networks
of National and Regional TSIs
PACT 2 - COMESA Sector
Strategy
PACT 2 - COMESA Market
Analysis and Sector Prioritization
PACT 2 - COMESA Improved
Technical Capacities and RBM Operations
ACCESS II for African
Business Women in International Trade
ACP - Cotton sector
strategy implementation
ACP - Agri-food &
agri-business sector strategy implementation
ACP - Agri-food &
agri-business sector strategy development
Women and trade -
Empowering women in the coffee sector
Ethiopian coffee quality
project
5.2 Events
5.2.1
Upcoming events
No data
5.2.2
Recent events
9th Conference of
African Union Ministers of Trade04/12/2014-Addis
Ababa
5.3 ITC Contacts
Ramin
GRANFAR
Trade
Promotion Officer
+41 22 730 0318
granfar@intracen.org
Ruben
PHOOLCHUND
Chief,
Office for Africa
+41 22 730 0508
phoolchund@intracen.org
Read more
Read more
6. Trade Information Sources
and
Contacts
6.1 Trade Information
Sources
This section provides a
list of country specific print and online publications on trade-related topics,
including both ITC and
external sources.
6.1.1
ITC publications
Gourmet
Coffee Project: Adding Value to Green Coffee
Report on the 'Gourmet
Coffee Project' launched in 1997 by the International Coffee Organization
(ICO), Common Fund for
Commodities (CFC), and
International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO - describes the specific activities...
Ethiopia:
Supply Survey on Emergency Items and Transport Services
Supply survey on emergency
items and transport services in Ethiopia - gives overview of Ethiopian economy
including the
agriculture and
manufacturing sectors; analyses the characteristics, structure, performance and
incentives of...
Read more
Read more
Read more
How to
Approach Banks: A Guide for Ethiopian Entrepreneurs
Guide aimed at Ethiopian
entrepreneurs explaining ways and means of obtaining trade credit from banks -
addresses
assessment of financial
needs; payment methods and related credit facilities for trade transactions;...
Indicative
COMESA Customs Tariff Rates and National Rates for Zimbabwe
Document lists Zimbabwe
national tariffs and COMESA tariffs side by side for all commodities on the
basis of the Harmonized
Commodity Description and
Coding System.
Growing
Out of Poverty : A Strategic Direction in the Agricultural Sector of Ethiopia
Paper contributed by
Ethiopia National Strategy Team, presented at ITC Executive Forum : 'Bringing
the Poor into the Export
Process : Linkages and
Strategic Implications', Berlin, Germany, 27-30 September, 2006...
Read more
Read more
Read more
Building
Markets : Regional Integration, Responding to Necessity. - Kenya
Paper presented at ITC
World Export Development Forum : 'Bringing Down the Barriers - Charting a
Dynamic Export
Development Agenda',
Montreux, Switzerland, 8-11 October, 2007 - provides an overview of...
Spice
Sub-Sector Strategy for Ethiopia
Paper presenting a
stakeholder driven strategy for the spice sector in Ethiopia - provides a
description of the spice sector from
global and regional
perspectives; outlines institutional and governmental support...
Ethiopia
Export Strategy : Key Features and Major Influencing Factors
Paper contributed by
Ethiopia National Team, presented at ITC Regional Executive Forum :
'Re-thinking Export Strategy' ,
Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28
November 2001 - reviews Ethiopia's export strategy with regards to...
Read more
Buyers/Sellers
Meeting on Emergency Items and Transport Services
6.1.2 Selected printed
information sources
2006 - Gebreselassie
Fanta, Elias Does Value Addition at Oilseed Production and/or Spreading the
Gain from Export of
Oilseed Products Increase
the Income of Primary Producers?
2007 EU's Footprint in
the South : Does European Community Development Cooperation make a Difference
for the Poor?
2006 - Kyambalesa H;
Houngnikpo M C Economic Integration and Development in Africa
2009 Regional Strategy
for Cotton -to -Clothing Value Chain
2007 Analysis of
Production Costs, Market Opportunities and Competitiveness of Desi and Kabuli
Chickpeas in Ethiopia
2007 Global Trade and
Poor Nations : The Poverty Impacts and Policy Implications of Liberalization
2002 Internet from the
Horn of Africa: Ethiopia Case Study
2009 Addis Ababa
Business Directory
2001 Women Entrepreneurs
in Least Developed Countries: Country Studies From Africa
2003 - De la Rocha M The
Cotonou Agreement and its Implications for the Regional Trade Agenda in Eastern
and Southern
Africa
2006 Africa Foreign
Investor Survey 2005
2003 - Hammond L
Obstacles to Regional Trade in the Horn of Africa: Borders, Markets, and
Production
2009 - Shafaeddin, M.
The Cost of Compliance with Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures in Low-Income
Countries : A
Strategy for
Reorganization of the Supply Chain
2010 - Kiratu S; Roy S
Beyond Barriers : The Gender Implications of Trade Liberalization in Southern
Africa
2009 - Gebremariam,
Abebe Haile Small and Medium Forest Enterprises in Ethiopia
2013 e-COMESA Newsletter
2006 - Meyn, Mareike
Regional Integration and EPA configurations in Southern and Eastern Africa :
What are the feasible
alternatives?
2011 ZDA Spotlight
2011 - Sandrey R Cape to
Cairo : An Assessment of the Tripartite Free Trade Area
2003 Ethiopia. Textile
and Apparel Sector
2008 Secteur
agroalimentaire en Ethiopie
2006 Sustainability
Impact Assessment (SIA) of the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements : Phase
Three : Horticulture
in Eastern and Southern
Africa. - Mid-Term Report (Revised Draft)
2004 An Investment Guide
to Ethiopia : Opportunities and Conditions
2000 Competition Policy,
Trade and Development in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
2001 - TIMMINS, Kerry J.
Cleaner Leather Production: The Changing Environmental Image of African
Tanneries
2008 Perfil de la
Industria Paraguaya de Software
2009 Characteristics of
Malaysia's Animal Feed Market
2014 Perspectives on
Global Development 2014: Boosting Productivity to Meet the Middle-Income
Challenge
2010 Mobilizing Aid for
Trade for SPS-Related Technical Cooperation in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region
2010 Leather Garments in
the EU
2006 Overview of the
Current State of Organic Agriculture in Kenya, Uganda and the Republic of
Tanzania and the
Opportunities for
Regional Harmonization
2007 Export
Diversification and Value Addition for Human Development : Addressing the
Impact of the Agreement on Textiles
and Clothing Expiration
on Cambodia
2006 - Ruffing, Lorraine
Deepening Development Through Business Linkages
2012 OECD Economic
Surveys: Chile
2005 - Magder, D Egypt
after the Multi-Fiber Arrangement: Global Apparel and Textile Supply Chains as
a Route for Industrial
Upgrading
2006 Bangladesh:
Furniture Export Market Sector Brief
2012 Cotton
Contamination Surveys, 2001 - 2003 - 2005 - 2007 - 2009 - 2011
2006 - Boutou, Olivier
Management de la sécurité des aliments : De l'HACCP à l'ISO 22000
2006 Trading up :
Economic Perspectives on Development Issues in the Multilateral Trading System
2004 Perfiles de mercado
para productos bolivianos en los mercados de Argentina, Brasil, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador, México,
Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay
y Venezuela
2010 Vietnam: Oilseeds
and Products
2007 Organic Farming in
the Czech Republic: 2007 Yearbook
2007 - Gibbon P; Bolwig
S Economics of Certified of Organic Farming in Tropical Africa: A Preliminary
Assessment
2006 The Relationship of
Third-party Certification (TPC) to Sanitary / Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures and
the International
Agri-Food Trade; Case
Study: Guatemala- with Emphasis on Food Safety
2007 - Ismail F
Mainstreaming Development in the WTO : Developing Countries in the Doha Round
2009 Market Report.
Focus on the Nordic Market - Fresh Fruit and Vegetables
2001 - Karlöf, Bengt Benchlearning
: Good Examples as a Lever for Development
2003 - Martin W;
Pangestu M, eds. Options for Global Trade Reform : A View from the Asia-Pacific
2010 L'industrie sri
lankaise du textile-habillement
2000 - Hauber,
Christiane Formation, Prevention & Determination of Cr (VI) in Leather
2013 Economic and
Business Review for Central and South-Eastern Europe
2006 - Gebreselassie
Fanta, Elias Does Value Addition at Oilseed Production and/or Spreading the
Gain from Export of
Oilseed Products
Increase the Income of Primary Producers?
2010 - Pannier J Recueil
de jurisprudence douanière (1990-2010)
2002 - Beswick R; Dunn
DJ Plastics in Packaging : A RAPRA Market Report
2006 Doubling Aid :
Making the Big Push Work
2006 Determining
'likeness' under the GATS : Squaring the Circle?
2014 Africa Investor
2004 Guidelines on
Microfinance : Making Financial Markets Work for the Poor
2007 Libéralisation des
échanges de services et développement du tourisme
2007 Offre de Emballage
en Afrique de l'ouest
2008 An Overview of the
Mobile Phone Banking Industry
2007 Sixth World
Congress on Seafood Safety, Quality and Trade
2007 - Wood, Aileen A
Comprehensive Library Staff Training Program in the Information Age
2005 - [s.n] The Science
of Shrinkage Control : An Interactive Guide to Improved Shrinkage Performances
2011 Libéralisation du
transport aérien en Afrique
2012 - Wollenberg E; ,
eds. Climate Change Mitigation and Agriculture
2009 - Novogratz J The
Blue Sweater: Bridging the Gap Between Rich and Poor in an Interconnected World
2011 - Cadot O Impact
Evaluation of Trade Interventions : Paving the Way
2011 - Banerjee A V;
Duflo E Poor Economics : A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global
Poverty
2014 Edible Nuts in
Turkey
2011 Perfil de Frutas
Tropicales Frescas y Procesadas en Chile
2011 Germany: Product
Brief Fresh Fruits
2010 - Reilly D, Reilly
A, Lewis J Towards an Australian Date Industry: An overview of the Australian
domestic and
international date
industries
2011 Feasibility Study
for a Cotton Spinning Mill in 11 [Eleven] Sub-Saharan African Countries
2011 Foro Público de la
OMC
2011 - Cooksey B The
Investment and Business Environment for Export Horticulture in Northern
Tanzania
2011 Potential Supply
Chains in the Textiles and Clothing Sector in South Asia : An Exploratory Study
2011 - Macrory P;
Stephenson S Making Trade in Services Supportive of Development in Commonwealth
Small and Lowincome
Countries
2012 - Fold, Niels;
Whitfield, Lindsay Developing a Palm Oil Sector: the Experiences of Malaysia
and Ghana Compared
2011 Opportunities for
Trade in Services of Canada
2011 - Bartels L;
Goodison P EU Proposal to End Preferences of 18 African and Pacific States : An
Assessment
2011 India and Latin
America and the Caribbean : Opportunities and Challenges in Trade and
Investment Relations
2009 Information
Management Resource Kit: Web 2.0 and Social Media for Development
2013 Human Resource
Management
2011 - Goswami A G; ,
eds. Exporting Services : A Developing Country Perspective
2011 Guides de bonnes
pratiques produits phytosanitaires pour la culture des piments (Capsicum
Frutescens, Capsicum
Annuum, Capsicum
Chinense) et poivrons (Capsicum Annuum)
2008 Guides de bonnes
pratiques phytosanitaires pour la mangue (Mangifera indica) issue de la production
biologique
2010 Financial Services
in Agriculture Value Chain Report : A Study of Five Kenyan Sub-Sectors namely
Potato, Dairy,
Coffee, Extensive
Livestock and Domestic Horticulture
2014 Human Relations
2008 Romania: Organic
Agriculture
2011 A Profile of the
South African Mango Market Value Chain
2008 Poland - Organic
Products: Certification and Subsidies to Domestic Production
2007 - Greene, W
Emergence of India's Pharmaceutical Industry and Implications for the U.S.
Generic Drug Market
2007 - Liapis, Peter S.
Preferential Trade Agreements : How Much Do They Benefit Developing Economies?
2007 Environment and
Regional Trade Agreements
2006 Bulgaria: Organic
Products
2006 Lithuania: Organic
Products - Organic Farming in Lithuania
2008 Marché de la maroquinerie
à Hong Kong
2007 - Warnholz,
Jean-Louis Poverty Reduction for Profit? : A Critical Examination of Business
Opportunities at the Bottom of
the Pyramid
2007 OECD Economic
Surveys : Ukraine Economic Assessment
6.1.3 Selected online
information sources
Ethiopian Agriculture
Portal (EAP)
Africa Fine Coffees
Association (AFCA)
Ethiopian Customs
Authority (ECA)
Alliance for Commodity
Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa (ACTESA)
COMESA Food and
Agriculture Market Information System (FAMIS)
EthioMarket
Ethiopian Cotton
Producers, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA)
Intergovernmental
Authority on Development (IGAD)
Non-Tariff Barriers
Reporting, Monitoring and Eliminating Mechanism
Common Market For
Eastern And Southern Africa (COMESA)
New Business Models for
Sustainable Trade
TradeMark Southern
Africa (TMSA)
Ethiopian Leather
Industries Association (ELIA)
COMESA Statistical
Database (COMSTAT)
Cross Border Trade Desk
(CBT DESK)
African Regional
Organization for Standardization (ARSO)
Eastern and Southern
Africa Leather Industries Association (ESALIA)
Ethiopia Commodity
Exchange (ECX)
TradeAfrica.biz
Ethiopian Horticulture
Producers and Exporters Association (EHPEA)
APC Africa ICT Policy
Monitor
Leather Trade
Information Portal (LMIP)
Ethiopian Flower Export
COMESA afriBUSINESS
2Merkato.com
6.2 Trade ContactsOfficial
Name Address City Phomber Fax Number Email Website
Mekelle Chamber of
Commerce Wereda-Debub, Mekelle
+251 344410671
+251 344408914
mekchamber@telecom.net.et
www.mekellechamber.com
African Centre for
Gender and
Development
Communication Team Addis
Ababa
+251-1-5172 00 (std)
+251-1-5103 65 (direct)
ecainfo@uneca.org
http://www.uneca.org/fr/acgd/en/800x600/acgd.htm
Ethiopian Horticulture
Producers
and Exporters
Association
Haile Gebre-Selassie
Avenue,
Addis
Ababa
251 116 6367 50/1
251 116 6367 53
ehpea@ethionet.et
www.ehpea.org.et
Selam Environmental
Development Association
P.O. Box 8577 Addis
Ababa
+251 1 161060
+251 1 661829
SEDA@t
elecom.n
et.et
www.eea.
netfirm
s.com
Addis Ababa Chamber of
Commerce Mexico Square
Addis
Ababa
+251 11518055
+251 11511479
aachamber1@ethionet.et
http://www.addischamber.com
Dire Dawa Chamber of
Commerce P.O. Box 198
Diredawa
+251 116626134
+251 25112468
info@bdsethiopia.net
http://www.bdsethiopia.net
Nazareth Chamber of
Commerce P.O. Box 36
Adama
(Nazareth)
+251 22112083
+251 22122699
ncc@telecom.net.et
www.namc.co.za
Quality and Standards
Authority
of Ethiopia P.O. Box
2310 Addis
Ababa
251 1 46 0685
251 1 46 0881
qsae@telecom.net.et
http://www.qsae.org/
Ethiopia Investment
Agency Africa Avenue Addis
Ababa
251 1 51 0033
251 1 51 4396
ethiopian.invest@ethioinvest.org
http://www.ethioinvest.org/
COMESA Leather and
Leather
Products Institute .
Addis
Ababa
+251 14313 18 /20
+251 1 431321
comesa.llpi@ethionet.et.m_mwinyi@hotmail.co.uk;mmwinyi@gmail.com
http://about.comesa.int/langen/institutions/llpi
UN Economic Commission
for
Africa (UNECA/ATPC) P.O.
Box 3001 Addis
Ababa
+251 11544 5326
AElbeshbishi@uneca.org
http://www.uneca.org
iDE Ethiopia Kirkos
Subcity, Kebele
08, House Number 429
Addis
Ababa
+251-11-467-2906/7/8
+251-11-467-3341
IDE_Ethiopia@ide.org.et
http://ethiopia.ideorg.org/
Ethiopian Chamber of
Commerce and Sectoral
Associations
1st Floor, Mexico Square
Addis
Ababa
+251 11518240
+251 11517699
etchamb@ethionet.et
http://www.ethiopianchamber.com/
Ministry of Trade P.O.
Box 704
+251 911463 940
lisaneworkg@yahoo.com
http://www.mot.gov.et/home
Ethiopia Commodity
Exchange Alsam Chelelek Tower 2 Addis
Ababa
+251 11554 7001
+251 11 5547010
abenet.bekele@ecx.com.et
www.ecx.com.et
Yorumlar