Liberia
Liberia
1. Country / Territory
Brief
Liberia is a Least
Developed Country located in Western South-Saharan Africa that relies heavily
on foreign assistance. Liberia
is richly endowed with
water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate favorable to agriculture,
while iron ore and rubber have
driven growth in recent
years. Additionally, Liberia is also reviving its raw timber sector and has
begun encouraging oil
exploration.
In recent years, the
country has taken steps to reduce corruption, build support from international
donors and encourage private
investment. The country
achieved high growth during 2010-13 due to favourable world prices for its
commodities. Liberia has
access to unilateral
preferential trade agreements under the United States’ Africa Growth
Opportunities Act and the European
Union’s “Everything But
Arms Program”. It is a member of the Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) and is
also an observer member at
the WTO, having been an accession candidate since 2007
ITC’s work in Liberia is
focused on fostering business support to the WTO Accession process as well as
the design of a
National Export Strategy
and Management program (NES). In addition, ITC is focused on providing project
development support
to Liberia in developing a
feasibility study under the context of the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF).
2. People and Economy
2.1 People
Total
population
(growth
rates per annum) 3,672,714 in 2012 with growth rates of 3.4% p.a during 2008-2012
Population
density
(people
per sq. km of
land
area)
38 in 2012
Female
population 49.8% in 2012
Population
below 15
years
of age 43.1% in 2008 ; 43.4% in 2012
Urban
population 47.1% in 2012
Population
living below
$1.25 a
day at purchasing
power
parity (PPP)
N.A
Ranking
in the Human
Development
Index (HDI) 174 out of 186 in 2012
Evolution of the Human Development Index (HDI)
Source: United Nations
Development Programme Human Development Indicators
Note: The Human
Development Index measures the overall development of a nation and ranges from
0 (low level of
development) to 1 (highest
level of development). The United Nations Development Programme (http://hdr.undp.org)
provides a detailed
explanation. ITC Regional group refers to ITC definition
Health Life
expectancy at birth (years) (60); Mortality rate, under-5 (per thousand live
births) (74.8) in
2012
Education
Education index - expected and mean years of schooling (rank) (
160 out of 191) in 2012
Income
level GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005 international $) ( )
in 2012
Inequality
Inequality-adjusted HDI (rank) (123 out of 191)in 2012
Poverty
Multidimensional Poverty Index (rank)( 9 out of 191) in 2012
Gender Gender
inequality index (rank) (6 out of 191) in 2012
Sustainability
Adjusted net savings (% of GNI) (n.a) in 2012
2.2 Economy
Added
value per sector
(current
US$ and % of
GDP)
Sector
added value
2004 2008
2012
US $ %GDP
US $ %GDP US $ %GDP
Agriculture 309 66.1 572
67.3 N.A. N.A.
Industry 37 7.9 60 7.1
N.A. N.A.
Manufacturing 122 26 218
25.6 N.A. N.A.
Services 122 26 218 25.6
N.A. N.A.
Source: World Bank World
Development Indicators (WDI)
Note: Added value is US$
terms are expressed in million, GDP US$, and "6,976 to be read
6'976"
Evolution of GDP (constant 2005 US$)
Source: World Bank World
Development Indicators (WDI)
Note: ITC calculations
based on the World Bank WDI
Evolution of GDP per capita (constant 2005 US$)
Source: World Bank World
Development Indicators (WDI)
Note: ITC calculations
based on the World Bank WDI
Remittances
as a Share of
GDP
Remittances
as a Share of
GDP
2004 2008
2012
Remittance ($ millions)
58 58 N.A
Remittance (% GDP)
1251.5 683.8 N.A
Source: World Bank World
Development Indicators (WDI)
Note: ITC calculations
based on World Bank WDI, IMF BOP statistics, and "6,976 to be
read 6'976"
3. Trade Performance
3.1 General Trade
Performance
3.1.1 Evolution of Trade
Ratio to GDP - Goods
3.1.2 Evolution of Trade
Ratio to GDP - Services
3.1.3 Evolution of Total Trade
3.1.4 Trade Map
3.1.5 Export and Import by Leading Destination - Export
3.1.6 Export and Import by Leading Destination - Import
3.1.7 Evolution of Exports and Imports by Destination - Export
3.1.8 Evolution of Exports and Imports by Destination - Import
3.1.9 Total Export Growth
Source: ITC,
calculations based on ITC’s Trade Competitiveness Map data.
Note:Graph shows
decomposition of the country’s export growth in value terms by diversification
pattern over the indicated
period.
3.1.10 Marginal Export Growth
Source: ITC,
calculations based on ITC’s Trade Competitiveness Map data.
Note:Graph shows
decomposition of the country’s export growth in value by structural driving
effects over the indicated period.
Values are in US$
thousands.
3.1.11 Composition of Trade in Services - Export
3.1.12 Composition of Trade in Services - Import
3.1.13 Evolution of FDI
3.2 Sector Trade Performance
3.2.1 Sectoral Diversification in Products - Export
3.2.2 Sectoral Diversification in Products - Import
3.2.3 Sectoral Diversification in Destinations - Export
3.2.4 Sectoral Diversification in Destinations - Import
3.2.6 Sectors by World Demand - Import
3.2.7 Trade Performance Index
4. Trade Strategy and
Policy
4.1 Trade and
Development Strategies
Year
Strategy name Sector
2011
ECOWAS Mango Export
Strategy
The Mango Export Strategy
for the Economic
Community of Western
African States...
Mango
2011
Industry for Liberia's
Future
The plan provides a
summary of Liberia's recent
economic developments and
sets...
Cocoa, Rubber, Palm Oil,
Bamboo, Food Crops, Wood
Industry, Iron Ore, Gold,
Diamonds, Fisheries, Cassava
2011
Liberia Rising 2030 -
Concept Paper
The National Vision 2030
aims at achieving middleincome
country status by 2030,...
2011
National Capacity
Development Strategy
The strategy aims at
ensuring that individuals,
organizations and society
obtain, strengthen...
2011
Poverty Alleviation and
Wealth Creation through
Small Enterprise
Development
The document underlines
the importance of Micro,
Small and Medium
Enterprises (MSMEs)...
2010
Cassava Export Strategy
The strategy underlines
the potential of the cassava
sector, focusing on the...
Cassava
2008
Food and Agriculture
Policy and Strategy
The strategy underlines
the importance of agriculture
for Liberian economy and
it...
Coffee, Live Animals,
Fisheries, Forestry, Palm Oil, Rubber,
Rice, Cassava, Cocoa
2008
Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper - Liberia 2009-
2011
The main goal of the PRSP
is to set out the basis...
Rice, Palm Oil, Rubber,
Cassava, Coffee, Cocoa, Fisheries,
Live Animals, Forestry
2008
Tapping the Nature's
Bounty for the benefit of all
The Diagnostic Trade
Integration Study (DTIS)
provides an overview of
the current...
Cocoa, Rubber, Palm Oil,
Iron Ore, Diamonds, Gold,
Petroleum Sector,
Forestry, NWFPs, Fisheries
2007
UNDAF Liberia 2008 -
2012
The United Nations
Development Assistance
Framework (UNDAF) builds
on national priorities...
4.2 Domestic and Foreign
Market Access
Overview:
Trade Policy and Business Environment
The Republic of Liberia is
classified as a low-income country, which is transitioning from post-conflict
reconstruction to longterm
economic development with
an ambitious vision of achieving middle-income status by 2030. The country has
focused on
reconstructing critical
infrastructure and maintaining peace, which have resulted in significant
success and reforms; however,
Liberia's private sector
led economic growth is still lagging. The country set up the medium term
economic growth and
development strategy
between 2012 and 2017 that addresses energy and roads infrastructure deficit;
micro risks including
clarity and security of
property rights; difficulties for new activities to emerge that need different
inputs and skills than those
available; and limited
access to credit, especially long term.
Liberia applied for an
accession to the WTO in 2007. The accession process has taken place rather
slowly because it is a Least
Developed Country (LDC) in
which the economy was impaired by the long-lasting civil war. Several
trade-related technical
assistance and
capacity-building programmes have been undertaken through, for example, the
WTO’s Enhanced Integrated
Framework (EIF) and the
African Development Bank. In 2012, Liberia’s average MFN applied tariff was
10.2 per cent.
Agricultural exports into
the country (10.7 per cent) were slightly higher compared to non-agricultural
exports (10.1 per cent). In
order to align with the
regional common external tariff and the WTO accession requirements, the country
is expected to lower
tariffs and eliminate
non-tariff barriers. Liberia is a member of the Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS) and
the Mano River Union (MRU)
but its trade with regional markets is below the average for the sub-region
mainly due to
infrastructure deficits
and trade policy (African Development Bank 2013). Since 2011, Liberia has
attained preferential market
access to the U.S. market
through the African Growth and Opportunity Act, and to the EU market through
the Voluntary
Partnership Agreement.
African Development
Bank, 2013, Liberia Country Strategy Paper 2013-2017
Ministry of Planning and
Economic Affairs of Liberia, 2012, Agenda for Transformation
U.S. Commercial Service,
2013, Doing Business in Liberia: 2013 Country Commercial Guide for U.S.
Companies
WTO,2012, Tariff Profile
(Liberia)
INDICATOR,
UNITS RANK/132 SCORE
Domestic Market Access The
pillar assesses the level and complexity of a country’s tariff protection
as a
result of its trade policy. This component includes the effective
trade-weighted average tariff
applied
by a country, the share of goods imported duty free and the complexity of the
tariff regime,
measured
through tariff variance, the prevalence of tariff peaks and specific tariffs,
and the number
of
distinct tariffs.
129 3.31
Foreign Market Access The
pillar assesses tariff barriers faced by a country’s exporters in destination
markets.
It includes the average tariffs faced by the country as well as the margin of
preference in
destination
markets negotiated through bilateral or regional trade agreements or granted in
the form
of
trade preferences.
136 1.14
Tariff rate (%) This
indicator is calculated as a trade-weighted average of all the applied tariff
rates,
including
preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world. The weights
are the trade
patterns
of the importing country’s reference group (2012 data). An applied tariff is a
customs duty
that is
levied on imports of merchandise goods.
113 10.91
Complexity of tariffs ,
index 1-7 (best) This indicator is calculated as the average of the
following
indicators:
Tariff dispersion, Specific tariffs and Number of distinct tariffs. See
description of each
individual
indicator for more details. Prior to averaging, values for each indicator were
transformed to
a 1–7
score, using the min-max method.
55 6.30
Tariffs dispersion
(standard deviation) This indicator reflects differences in tariffs across
product
categories
in a country’s tariff structure. The variance is calculated across all the
tariffs on imported
merchandise
goods, at the 6-digit level of the Harmonized Schedule.
37 7.25
Tariffs peaks (%) This
indicator is the ratio of the number of tariff lines exceeding three times the
average
domestic tariff (across all products) to the MFN (most-favoured nation) tariff
schedule. The
tariff
schedule is equal to the total number of tariff lines for each country. These
tariffs are revised on
a
yearly basis.
55 1.20
Specific tariffs (%) This
indicator is the ratio of the number of Harmonized System (HS) tariff lines,
with at
least one specific tariff, to the total number of HS tariff lines. A specific
tariff is a tariff rate
charged
on fixed amount per quantity (as opposed to ad valorem)
86 1.85
Number of distinct
tariffs This indicator reflects the number of distinct tariff rates applied
by a country
to its
imports across all sectors.
79 121.00
Share of duty-free
imports (%) Share of trade, excluding petroleum, that is imported free of
tariff
duties,
taking into account MFN tariffs and preferential agreements. Tariff data is
from 2013 or most
recent
year available and imports data is from 2012
136 0.01
Tariffs faced (%) This
indicator is calculated as the trade-weighted average of the applied tariff
rates,
including
preferential rates that the rest of the world applies to each country. The
weights are the
trade
patterns of the importing country’s reference group (2012 data). A tariff is a
customs duty that is
levied
by the destination country on imports of merchandise goods
138 13.42
Index of margin of
preference in destination markets, 0-100 (best) This indicator measures the
percentage
by which particular imports from one country are subject to lower tariffs than
the MFN
rate.
It is calculated as the average of two components: 1) the trade-weighted
average difference
between
the MFN tariff and the most advantageous preferential duty (advantage score),
and 2) the
ratio
of the advantage score to the trade-weighted average MFN tariff level. This
allows capturing
both
the absolute and the relative margin of preference.
128 4.63
Source : World
Economic Forum, Global Enabling Trade Report 2014
Standard
Compliance and Other Relevant Import/Export Restrictions
Although the country
benefits from preferential market access schemes such as the African Growth and
Opportunity Act, the
country needs to develop
capacity to meet quality and safety requirements in order to take advantage of
export opportunities.
The Liberian government
opened the National Standards Laboratory (NSL) in 2011 to meet the requirements
under Agreement
on Technical Barriers to
Trade and Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)
Measures. The
government is also testing
a calibration facility for food and non-food products. As the food safety,
animal and plant health
system in Liberia has been
weak, the laboratory has put a focus on enhancing the SPS system in Liberia by
preventing
importation of counterfeit
and sub-standards goods that may threaten public, animal, or plant health as
well as assuring food
and agriculture products
to meet international standards (U.S. Commercial Service 2013).
Ministry of Commerce and
Industry of Liberia, 2013, Overview of the National Standards Laboratory
U.S. Commercial Service,
2013, Doing Business in Liberia: 2013 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies
4.3 Trade Facilitation
Description
According to the World
Bank Logistics Performance Index (LPI) (2012) which measures countries’ trade
logistics efficiency,
Liberia was ranked 119th out of 155 countries. Its overall performance was
better than low
income countries, but
worse than Sub-Saharan Africa countries. In particular, with respect to
infrastructure,international
shipments,logistics competence and tracking and tracing Liberia performed
better
than the comparable
region. Although most of Liberia’s key infrastructure was destroyed during the
civil war,
considerable progress has
been made. Ports and airports were connected internationally beyond the region,
mostly through
Public-Private Partnerships (Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs of
Liberia 2012).
Moreover, in order to
export and import a standard container of goods, it cost USD 1,220 and USD
1,320
respectively for Liberia,
which are less than the regional average of USD 2,108 and USD 2,793. The same
activity also takes less
time in Liberia (15 days and 28 days) than the regional average (31 days and 38
days).
However, Liberian
performance in customs clearance legs behind countries in the same region or
with the
same income level. The
OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators (2013) also assessed automation and internal
border agency co-operation
of Liberia as its weakness. In order to ease and speed up customs clearance,
the
government has implemented
online submission of customs forms and enhanced risk-based inspections
(World Bank 2013).
Source: Ministry
of Planning and Economic Affairs of Liberia, 2012, Agenda for Transformation
World Bank, 2013, Doing
Business 2014 (Liberia)
World Bank, 2012,
Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
Logistics Performance Index (LPI): Country Comparison
Source: World
Bank, Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
Note: World Bank, 2012
Logistics Performance Index – Evolution
Source: World
Bank, Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
Note: World Bank, 2012
4.4 Business and
Regulatory Environment
Description
The World Bank Doing
Business Report (2013) ranked Liberia 144th out of 185 economies. Among the 10
categories analysed by
this study, Liberia performs well in starting a business. In order to ease starting
a
business, the government
has undertaken several business reforms since 2008. It established a one-stop
business registry, reduced
the waiting time for a business license from 6 days to, at most, 48 hours (2
working days), and
eliminated the business license fee of 4,200 Liberian dollars. However, Liberia
lags
behind in registering
property and enforcing contracts. With respect to property registration, the
conflict
between the statutory
legal system and local customary law has resulted in land disputes and
unscrupulous
sale of falsified land
deeds to multiple buyers whilst the civil war only aggravated the situation.
The
government has strived to
resolve this issue by adopting alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and
digitizing records at the
land registry. However, so far, companies rather choose to make additional
community-level payments
to resolve competing land claims. With respect to contract enforcement, the
Liberian judicial system
lacks adequately trained officers, often leading to faulty proceedings and
corruption.
The Liberian judicial body
has established a new commercial code and a specialized commercial court.
Nevertheless, unlike its
mandate to preside over all financial and commercial disputes, some cases go
unresolved due to the lack
of regulating legislation.
The Business Environment: Doing Business
Source: World
Bank, Doing Business
Multilateral Trade
Instruments
Abstract
The Trade
Treaties
Map
tool is a webbased
system
on multilateral
trade treaties
and
instruments
designed to
assist trade
support
institutions
(TSIs) and
policymakers
in optimizing
their country's
legal
framework on
international
trade
Instrument ratified : 130
/ 266 instruments
Ratification rate : 48.9%
Weighted score : 58.3/100
Ratification Rate Rank
Weighted Score Rank
In World : 45 /
193 50 / 193
In Region : Sub-Saharan
Africa 1/ 47 2/ 47
In Development level : Least
developed country 1/ 48 1/ 48
Graph
Presents a visual illustration breaking down a country’s ratification level according to various categories and compares it to the world average.
Instruments
ratified
Click here for a full list and more details about these
multi-lateral trade instruments
4.5 Infrastructure
The World Economic Forum
Global Competitiveness Report (2013) ranked the quality of overall
infrastructure of Liberia 103rd
out of 148 countries. As a
whole, Liberia faces a severe infrastructure shortage in energy, roads, and
ports. This is widely due to
the inefficiency of
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) operating these sectors. Historically, the SOEs
are characterized by high
levels of corruption,
financial opaqueness, cronyism, and mismanagement. Although Liberia established
disciplines of managing
and operating SOEs, the
oversight body, Bureau of State Enterprise, is severely under-resourced and
functioning little. Another
constraint is Liberia’s
weak implementation of public investment projects with an execution rate of
around 60 to 65 per cent of
budgeted capital
expenditures (IMF 2013). The most problematic infrastructure sectors remain in
electricity supply and
telecommunication. The
country’s installed power generation capacity is one-tenth of the benchmark
level for other low-income
countries in Africa. Also,
the cost of generating power is high and the power tariff is about three times
the average for Africa
(IBRD/WB 2010). Moreover,
fixed telephone lines per 100 people is extremely low at less than 0.1 per
cent. However, although
the number of subscription
per 100 people is still small (56.4 per cent), the mobile telephone sector is
growing and forming a
highly competitive market
where four licensed operators provide services. The same report ranked the
Liberian financial market
106th, while the banking
system of Liberia is dominated by one bank that holds over 50 per cent of
commercial bank demand
deposits and provided
around 40 per cent of credit to the private sector.
Source: WEF,
2013, Global Competitiveness Report 2013-14
Bertelsmann Siftung,
2014, Liberia Country Report
IBRD and World Bank,
2010, Liberia’s Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective
IMF, 2013, The
Investment-Financing-Growth Nexus: The Case of Liberia
U.S. Department of
State, 2013, Investment Climate Statement (Liberia)
Indicator
Value Rank/148
Quality of overall infrastructure
How would you assess general infrastructure (e.g.,
transport,
telephony, and energy) in your country? [1 = extremely underdeveloped—
among
the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient—among the best in the
world]
| 2012–13 weighted average.
2.49 130
Quality of roads How
would you assess roads in your country? (1 = extremely
underdeveloped;
7 = extensive and efficient by international standards) | 2010, 2011. 2.92
104
Quality of railroad
infrastructure How would you assess the railroad system in your
country?
(1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = extensive and efficient by international
standards)
| 2010, 2011.
1.97 88
Quality of port
infrastructure How would you assess port facilities in your country? (1 =
extremely
underdeveloped; 7 = well-developed and efficient by international
standards).
For landlocked countries, this measures the ease of access to port
facilities
and inland waterways | 2010, 2011.
3.35 108
Quality of air transport
infrastructure How would you assess passenger air transport
infrastructure
in your country? (1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = extensive and
efficient
by international standards) | 2010, 2011.
3.09 119
Individuals using
Internet (%) Internet users are people with access to the worldwide
network.
57.12 126
Mobile telephone
subscriptions/100 pop According to the World Bank, mobile cellular
telephone
subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service using
cellular
technology, which provides access to switched telephone technology.
Postpaid
and prepaid subscriptions are included. This can also include analogue and
digital
cellular systems but should not include non-cellular systems. Subscribers to
fixed
wireless, public mobile data services, or radio paging services are not
included.
3.79 128
Fixed broadband Internet
subscriptions/100 pop: The International Telecommunication
Union
considers broadband to be any dedicated connection to the Internet of 256
kilobits
per second or faster, in both directions. Broadband subscribers refers to the
sum of
DSL, cable modem and other broadband (for example, fiber optic, fixed
wireless,
apartment LANs, satellite connections) subscribers.
0.00 137
Source: World
Economic Forum, Global Enabling Trade Report 2014
5. ITC and the
Country/Territory
5.1 ITC Projects
5.1.1
Current projects
LDCs: Fostering business
support to the WTO Accession project
5.1.2
Recent projects
Project development:
Strengthening cassava communities to improve food security, access to markets
and incomes
Cross border trade
bewteen Liberia and Sierra Leonne
IA81 - PACT2 - Design of
ECOWAS-TEN network of trade experts
Strengthening the
pineapple export value chain in selected West African countires
ECOWAS Regional trade
information networks
PACT 2 - ECOWAS Regional
Private Sector Apex Bodies for Public-Private Dialogue
PACT 2 - ECOWAS Networks
of National and Regional TSIs
PACT 2 - ECOWAS Sector
Strategy
PACT 2 - ECOWAS Market
Analysis and Sector Prioritization
PACT 2 - ECOWAS Improved
Technical Capacities and RBM Operations
ACCESS II for African
Business Women in International Trade
Liberia - Export
programme development
Strengthening the
pineapple export value chain in selected West African countries(2)
ACP - Agri-food &
agri-business sector strategy implementation
ACP - Agri-food &
agri-business sector strategy development
5.2 Events
5.2.1
Upcoming events
No data
5.2.2
Recent events
ITC-WTO Programme on
Trade Capacity for WTO Accession of Liberia27/03/2014-Monrovia
Workshop on Trade
Capacity and Services Scheduling for Liberia24/03/2014-Monrovia
Validation workshop for
Liberian trade policy and bilateral meeting with stakeholders12/02/2014-Monrovia
Workshop on Liberia's
WTO Accession05/11/2013-Monrovia
5.3 ITC Contacts
Ekutu
BONZEMBA
Trade
Promotion Officer
+41 22 730 0330
bonzemba@intracen.org
Ruben
PHOOLCHUND
Chief,
Office for Africa
+41 22 730 0508
phoolchund@intracen.org
6. Trade Information
Sources and
Contacts
6.1 Trade Information
Sources
This section provides a
list of country specific print and online publications on trade-related topics,
including both ITC and
external sources.
6.1.1
ITC publications
6.1.2 Selected printed
information sources
2007 SPS Capacity in
Liberia
2007 SPS Synthesis
Report : Summary of SPS and Food Safety Performance of Non-UEMOA Countries in
West Africa
2006 SPS Capacity in
Guinea
2006 - Kyambalesa H;
Houngnikpo M C Economic Integration and Development in Africa
2006 West African
Financial Flows and Opportunities for People and Small Businesses
2007 - Radelet, Steven
Reviving Economic Growth in Liberia
2006 Liberia : National
Human Development Report : Mobilizing Capacity for Reconstruction and
Development
2006 Cotton in West
Africa : The Economic and Social Stakes
2008 - D'Alessandro S
Evaluation sous-régionale de la chaîne de valeurs oignon/échalote en Afrique de
l'Ouest
1986 Traité instituant
la Communauté économique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et protocoles annexes. - Mis à
jour
2006 EPA Negotiations,
West Africa : Executive Brief
2006 - Alaba, Olumuyiwa
B EU-ECOWAS EPA : Regional Integration, Trade Facilitation and Development in
West Africa
2006 SPS Capacity in
Sierra Leone
2009 - Twerefou D K
Mineral Exploitation, Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Development
in EAC, SADC and
ECOWAS Regions
2006 Overview of the
Regional EPA Negotiations : West Africa-EU Economic Partnership Agreement
2010 - Rolland JP; Alpha
A Etude sur la cohérence des politiques commerciales en Afrique de l'Ouest
2011 - Rolland J P; Alpha
A Analyse de la cohérence des politiques commerciales en Afrique de l'Ouest
2010 Guinea-Bissau
Cashew and Beyond : Diversification Through Trade : Diagnostic Trade
Integration Study for the
Enhanced Integrated
Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance
2010 Senegal : A GAP
Analysis of ECOWAS Market Integration
2012 - Hoppe M; and
Aidoo F Removing Barriers to Trade between Ghana and Nigeria : Strengthening
Regional Integration
by Implementing ECOWAS
Commitment
2011 Export Fact Sheet
ECOWAS: Mangoes
2007 SPS Capacity in
Nigeria
2007 - Coulibaly,
Souleymane Evaluating the Trade Effect of Developing Regional Trade Agreements:
A Semi-parametric
Approach
2008 Sub-Saharan Africa
: Factors Affecting Trade Patterns of Selected Industries. - Second Annual Report
2007 Comprehensive
Assessment of the Agriculture Sector in Liberia (CAAS-Lib). - Vol. 1 :
Synthesis Report
2008 Perfil de la
Industria Paraguaya de Software
2009 Characteristics of
Malaysia's Animal Feed Market
2014 Perspectives on
Global Development 2014: Boosting Productivity to Meet the Middle-Income
Challenge
2010 Mobilizing Aid for
Trade for SPS-Related Technical Cooperation in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region
2010 Leather Garments in
the EU
2006 Overview of the
Current State of Organic Agriculture in Kenya, Uganda and the Republic of
Tanzania and the
Opportunities for
Regional Harmonization
2007 Export
Diversification and Value Addition for Human Development : Addressing the
Impact of the Agreement on Textiles
and Clothing Expiration
on Cambodia
2006 - Ruffing, Lorraine
Deepening Development Through Business Linkages
2012 OECD Economic
Surveys: Chile
2005 - Magder, D Egypt
after the Multi-Fiber Arrangement: Global Apparel and Textile Supply Chains as
a Route for Industrial
Upgrading
2006 Bangladesh:
Furniture Export Market Sector Brief
2012 Cotton
Contamination Surveys, 2001 - 2003 - 2005 - 2007 - 2009 - 2011
2006 - Boutou, Olivier
Management de la sécurité des aliments : De l'HACCP à l'ISO 22000
2006 Trading up :
Economic Perspectives on Development Issues in the Multilateral Trading System
2004 Perfiles de mercado
para productos bolivianos en los mercados de Argentina, Brasil, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador, México,
Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay
y Venezuela
2010 Vietnam: Oilseeds
and Products
2007 Organic Farming in
the Czech Republic: 2007 Yearbook
2007 - Gibbon P; Bolwig
S Economics of Certified of Organic Farming in Tropical Africa: A Preliminary
Assessment
2006 The Relationship of
Third-party Certification (TPC) to Sanitary / Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures and
the International
Agri-Food Trade; Case
Study: Guatemala- with Emphasis on Food Safety
2007 - Ismail F
Mainstreaming Development in the WTO : Developing Countries in the Doha Round
2009 Market Report.
Focus on the Nordic Market - Fresh Fruit and Vegetables
2001 - Karlöf, Bengt
Benchlearning : Good Examples as a Lever for Development
2003 - Martin W;
Pangestu M, eds. Options for Global Trade Reform : A View from the Asia-Pacific
2010 L'industrie sri
lankaise du textile-habillement
2000 - Hauber,
Christiane Formation, Prevention & Determination of Cr (VI) in Leather
6.1.3 Selected online
information sources
Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS) = Communauté économique des Etats de l'Afrique de
l'Ouest
(CEDEAO)
Sustainable Cocoa
Enterprise Solutions for Smallholders (SUCCESS) Alliance
APE - CEDEAO
Liberia Chamber of
Commerce (LCC)
ESOKO
ECOWAS Press Releases
Accelerated Agribusiness
and Agro-Industries Development Initiative (3ADI)
West African Monetary
Institute = Institut monétaire de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
African Regional
Organization for Standardization (ARSO)
6.2 Trade Contacts
Official
Name Address City Phone Number Fax Number Email Website
Liberia OIC New Matadi,
Sinkor Monrovia 231 655 4034
liberia_oic@yahoo.com
http://www.oicinternational.org/index.php?page=lib-oic
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