Morocco
Morocco
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This
article is about the country in North Africa. For other uses, see Morocco
(disambiguation).
Morocco (/məˈrɒkoʊ/ (
listen); Arabic: المغرب, romanized: al-maḡrib, lit. 'place
the sun sets; the west'; Standard
Moroccan Tamazight: ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, romanized: lmeɣrib),
officially the Kingdom of Morocco (Arabic: المملكة المغربية, romanized: al-mamlaka
al-maḡribiyya, lit. 'The
Western Kingdom'; Standard
Moroccan Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ
ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, romanized: tageldit n lmaɣrib), is a country located
in the Maghreb region
of North Africa.
It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to
the north and the Atlantic Ocean to
the west, with land borders with Algeria to the
east and Western Sahara (status
disputed) to the
south. Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón
de Vélez de la Gomera, all of them
under Spanish jurisdiction,
as well as several small Spanish-controlled
islands off its coast.[12] The
capital is Rabat and
the largest city is Casablanca.[13] Morocco
spans an area of 710,850 km2 (274,460 sq mi) and
has a population of over 36 million.
Since the
foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in
788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching
its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule,
when it spanned parts of Iberia and
northwestern Africa.[14] The Portuguese Empire began
in Morocco in the 15th century, following Portuguese conquests along the
Moroccan coast, founding settlements which lasted into the 17th and 18th
centuries. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties
resisted foreign domination into the 17th century, allowing Morocco to remain
the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation.
The Alaouite dynasty,
which rules to this day, seized power in 1631. The country's strategic location
near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe, and in
1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates,
with an international
zone in Tangier. It regained its
independence in 1956, and has since remained comparatively stable and
prosperous by regional standards, with the fifth largest economy in Africa.[15]
Morocco claims
the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara,
formerly Spanish Sahara,
as its Southern Provinces.
After Spain agreed to decolonise the
territory to Morocco and Mauritania in
1975, a guerrilla war arose
with local forces.
Mauritania relinquished its claim in
1979, and the war lasted until a ceasefire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies
two thirds of the territory, and peace
processes have thus far failed to
break the political deadlock.
The sovereign state is
a unitary Semi-constitutional
monarchy with an elected parliament.
The country wields significant influence in both Africa and the Arab world, and
is considered a regional power and
a middle power.
The King
of Morocco holds vast executive and
legislative powers, especially over the military,
foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is
exercised by the government,
while legislative power is
vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly
of Representatives and the Assembly
of Councillors. The king can
issue decrees called dahirs,
which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after
consulting the Prime
Minister and the president of the
constitutional court.
Morocco's
predominant religion is Islam,
and its official languages are Arabic and Berber,
the latter achieving official recognition in 2011,[16] having
been the native language of Morocco before the Muslim
conquest in the seventh century C.E.[17] The Moroccan dialect of
Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are
also widely spoken. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, Sephardi Jews, West African and
European influences.
Morocco is a member
of the Arab League,
the Union
for the Mediterranean and the African Union.[18]
Contents
·
2History
o
2.2Foundation and early Islamic era
o
2.5French and Spanish protectorates: 1912 to 1956
·
5Economy
o
5.6Water supply and sanitation
·
8Culture
o
8.3Music
o
8.4Media
o
8.6Sport
·
12Notes
Etymology
The full Arabic name al-Mamlakah
al-Maghribiyyah (المملكة المغربية) translates to "Kingdom of the
West"; although "the West" in Arabic is الغرب Al-Gharb.
The name also can refer to evening.
For historical references, medieval Arab historians and geographers sometimes
referred to Morocco as al-Maghrib al-Aqṣá (المغرب الأقصى, meaning "The Farthest West") to distinguish it from
neighbouring historical regions called al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ (المغرب الأوسط, meaning "The Middle West")
and al-Maghrib al-Adná (المغرب الأدنى, meaning "The Nearest West").[19]
Morocco's English
name is based on Marrakesh,
its capital under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad Caliphate.[20] The
origin of the name Marrakesh is disputed,[21] but
is most likely from the Berber words amur
(n) akush (ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ) or "Land of God".[22] The
modern Berber name for Marrakesh is Mṛṛakc (in the Berber
Latin script). In Turkish,
Morocco is known as Fas, a name derived from its ancient capital
of Fes.
However, this was not the case in other parts of the Islamic world: until the
middle of the 20th century, the common name of Morocco in Egyptian and Middle
Eastern Arabic literature was Marrakesh (مراكش);[23] this
name is still used in some languages such as Persian, Urdu and Punjabi.
The English name Morocco is an anglicisation of
the Spanish "Marruecos",
from which also derives the Tuscan "Morrocco",
the origin of the Italian "Marocco".
History
Main
article: History
of Morocco
Prehistory and antiquity
Ptolemy
of Mauretania was the
last Berber to
rule the Kingdom
of Mauretania prior
to Roman conquest.
The area of
present-day Morocco has been inhabited since Paleolithic times,
sometime between 190,000 and 90,000 BC.[24] A
recent publication may demonstrate an even earlier habitation period, as Homo sapiens fossils
discovered in the late 2000s near the Atlantic coast in Jebel Irhoud were
recently dated to roughly 315,000 years before present.[25] During
the Upper Paleolithic,
the Maghreb was
more fertile than it is today, resembling a savanna more
than today's arid landscape.[26] Twenty-two
thousand years ago, the Aterian was
succeeded by the Iberomaurusian culture,
which shared similarities with Iberian cultures. Skeletal similarities have
been suggested between the Iberomaurusian "Mechta-Afalou"
burials and European Cro-Magnon remains.
The Iberomaurusian was succeeded by the Beaker culture in
Morocco.
Mitochondrial DNA studies
have discovered a close link between Berbers and
the Saami of
Scandinavia. This supports theories that the Franco-Cantabrian
refuge area of southwestern Europe was
the source of late-glacial expansions of hunter-gatherers who repopulated
northern Europe after the last ice age.[27]
Northwest Africa
and Morocco were slowly drawn into the wider emerging Mediterranean world
by the Phoenicians,
who established trading colonies and settlements in the early Classical period.
Substantial Phoenician settlements were at Chellah, Lixus and Mogador.[28] Mogador
was a Phoenician colony as early as the early 6th century BC.[29][page needed]
Roman
ruins of Volubilis.
Morocco later
became a realm of the Northwest African civilisation of ancient Carthage as
part of its empire. The earliest known independent Moroccan state was the Berber kingdom of Mauretania under
king Baga.[30] This
ancient kingdom (not to be confused with the present state of Mauritania)
dates at least to around 225 BC.
Mauretania became
a client kingdom
of the Roman Empire in
33 BC. Emperor Claudius annexed
Mauretania directly as a Roman province in
44 AD, under an imperial governor (either
a procurator Augusti, or a legatus Augusti pro praetore).
During the crisis
of the 3rd century, parts of
Mauretania were reconquered by Berber tribes. Direct Roman rule became confined
to a few coastal cities, such as Septum (Ceuta)
in Mauretania
Tingitana and Cherchell in Mauretania
Caesariensis, by the late 3rd century. The
Roman Empire lost its remaining possessions in Mauretania after the area was
devastated by the Vandals in
AD 429. After this point, local Mauro-Roman kings assumed control (see Mauro-Roman kingdom).
The Eastern Roman
Empire under Byzantine control re-established direct
imperial rule of Septum and Tingi in
the 530s. Tingis was fortified and a church erected.
Foundation and early Islamic era
See
also: Idrisid dynasty
The Muslim
conquest of the Maghreb, that started in
the middle of the 7th century, was achieved by
the Umayyad Caliphate early
into the following century. It brought both the Arabic language and Islam to
the area. Although part of the larger Islamic Empire,
Morocco was initially organized as a subsidiary province of Ifriqiya,
with the local governors appointed by the Muslim governor in Kairouan.[31]
The indigenous
Berber tribes adopted Islam, but retained their customary laws.
They also paid taxes and tribute to the new Muslim administration.[32] The
first independent Muslim state in the area of modern Morocco was the Kingdom of Nekor,
an emirate in the Rif Mountains.
It was founded by Salih I ibn Mansur in
710, as a client state to the Umayyad Caliphate. After the outbreak of
the Berber Revolt in
739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the Miknasa of Sijilmasa and
the Barghawata.
According to
medieval legend, Idris ibn Abdallah had
fled to Morocco after the Abbasids'
massacre of his tribe in Iraq. He convinced the Awraba Berber tribes to break
their allegiance to the distant Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad and
he founded the Idrisid dynasty in
788. The Idrisids established Fes as
their capital and Morocco became a centre of Muslim learning and a major regional power.
The Idrissids were ousted in 927 by the Fatimid Caliphate and
their Miknasa allies. After Miknasa broke off relations with the Fatimids in
932, they were removed from power by the Maghrawa of
Sijilmasa in 980.
Dynasties
The
empire of the Almohad dynasty at
its greatest extent, circa 1212.
From the 11th
century onwards, a series of Berber dynasties arose.[33][34][35] Under
the Sanhaja Almoravid dynasty and
the Masmuda Almohad dynasty,[36] Morocco
dominated the Maghreb, al-Andalus in Iberia,
and the western Mediterranean region. From the 13th century onwards the country
saw a massive migration of the Banu Hilal Arab
tribes. In the 13th and 14th centuries the Merinids held
power in Morocco and strove to replicate the successes of the Almohads through
military campaigns in Algeria and Spain. They were followed by the Wattasids.
In the 15th century, the Reconquista ended
Muslim rule in Iberia and many Muslims and Jews fled
to Morocco.[37]
Portuguese efforts
to control the Atlantic sea trade in the 15th century did not greatly affect
the interior of Morocco even though they managed to control some possessions on
the Moroccan coast but not venturing further afield inland.
Early modern period
The Portuguese Empire was
founded when Prince
Henry the Navigator led the Conquest of Ceuta,
which began the Portuguese presence in Morocco, lasting from 1415 to 1769.
In 1549, the region
fell to successive Arab dynasties claiming descent from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad:
first the Saadi dynasty who
ruled from 1549 to 1659, and then the Alaouite dynasty,
who remain in power since the 17th century.
The
remains of the Saadi Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur's
16th century Badii' Palace.
Under the Saadi
dynasty, the country ended
the Aviz dynasty of Portugal at the Battle
of Alcácer Quibir in 1578. The
reign of Ahmad al-Mansur brought
new wealth and prestige to the Sultanate, and a large expedition to West Africa
inflicted a crushing defeat on the Songhay Empire in
1591. However, managing the territories across the Sahara proved
too difficult. After the death of al-Mansur, the country was divided among his
sons.
In 1631, Morocco
was reunited by the Alaouite dynasty, who have been the ruling house of Morocco
ever since. Morocco was facing aggression from Spain and
the Ottoman Empire allies pressing westward. The Alaouites succeeded in
stabilising their position, and while the kingdom was smaller than previous
ones in the region, it remained quite wealthy. Against the opposition of local
tribes Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727)
began to create a unified state.[38] With
his Jaysh d'Ahl al-Rif (the Riffian Army)
he re-occupied Tangier from
the English who
had abandoned it in 1684 and drove the Spanish from Larache in
1689. Portuguese abandoned Mazagão,
their last territory in Morocco, in 1769. However, the Siege
of Melilla against the Spanish ended
in defeat in 1775.
Morocco was the
first nation to recognise the fledgling United States as an independent nation
in 1777.[39][40][41] In
the beginning of the American Revolution,
American merchant ships in the Atlantic Ocean were
subject to attack by the Barbary pirates.
On 20 December 1777, Morocco's Sultan Mohammed
III declared that American merchant ships would be
under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage.
The Moroccan–American
Treaty of Friendship, signed in 1786,
stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship treaty.[42][43]
French and Spanish protectorates: 1912 to 1956
Main
articles: French
protectorate in Morocco and Spanish
Protectorate in Morocco
Death
of Spanish general Margallo during
the Melilla
War.
As Europe
industrialised, Northwest Africa was increasingly prized for its potential for
colonisation. France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830, not
only to protect the border of its Algerian territory, but also because of the
strategic position of Morocco with coasts on the Mediterranean and the open
Atlantic.[44] In
1860, a dispute over Spain's Ceuta enclave led Spain to declare war. Victorious
Spain won a further enclave and an enlarged Ceuta in the settlement. In 1884,
Spain created a protectorate in the coastal areas of Morocco.
Tangier's
population in 1873 included 40,000 Muslims, 31,000 Europeans and 15,000 Jews.[45]
In 1904, France and
Spain carved out zones of influence in Morocco. Recognition by the United Kingdom of
France's sphere of influence provoked
a strong reaction from the German Empire;
and a crisis loomed in 1905. The matter was resolved at the Algeciras
Conference in 1906. The Agadir Crisis of
1911 increased tensions between European powers. The 1912 Treaty of Fez made
Morocco a protectorate of
France, and triggered the 1912 Fez riots.[46] Spain
continued to operate its coastal protectorate. By the same treaty, Spain
assumed the role of protecting power over
the northern and southern Saharan zones.[47]
Tens of thousands
of colonists entered Morocco. Some bought up large amounts of the rich
agricultural land, others organised the exploitation and modernisation of mines
and harbours. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually
pressured France to increase its control over Morocco – a control which was
also made necessary by the continuous wars among Moroccan tribes, part of which
had taken sides with the French since the beginning of the conquest. Governor
general Marshall Hubert Lyautey sincerely
admired Moroccan culture and succeeded in imposing a joint Moroccan-French
administration, while creating a modern school system. Several divisions of
Moroccan soldiers (Goumiers or
regular troops and officers) served in the French army in
both World War I and World War II,
and in the Spanish Nationalist Army in
the Spanish Civil War and
after (Regulares).[48] The
institution of slavery was
abolished in 1925.[49]
Between 1921 and
1926, a Berber uprising in
the Rif Mountains, led by Abd
el-Krim, led to the establishment of the
Republic of the Rif. The Spanish lost more than 13,000 soldiers at Annual in
July–August 1921.[50] The
rebellion was eventually suppressed by French and Spanish troops.
In 1943, the Istiqlal Party (Independence
Party) was founded to press for independence, with discreet US support. That
party subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist
movement.
France's exile
of Sultan Mohammed V in
1953 to Madagascar and
his replacement by the unpopular Mohammed Ben Aarafa sparked
active opposition to the French and Spanish protectorates. The most notable
violence occurred in Oujda where
Moroccans attacked French and other European residents in the streets. France
allowed Mohammed V to return in 1955, and the negotiations that led to Moroccan
independence began the following year.[51] In
March 1956 the French protectorate was ended and Morocco regained its
independence from France as the "Kingdom of Morocco". A month later
Spain forsook its protectorate in Northern Morocco to the new state but kept
its two coastal enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla)
on the Mediterranean coast which dated from earlier conquests. Sultan Mohammed
became king in 1957.
Post-independence
The Proclamation
of Independence of Morocco of 1944.
The Mausoleum
of Mohammed V, a modern Alaouite landmark
in Rabat.
Upon the death of
Mohammed V, Hassan II became
King of Morocco on 3 March 1961. Morocco held its first general
elections in 1963. However, Hassan
declared a state of emergency and suspended parliament in 1965. In 1971, there
was a failed attempt to depose the king and establish a republic. A truth
commission set up in 2005 to investigate human rights abuses during his reign
confirmed nearly 10,000 cases, ranging from death in detention to forced exile.
Some 592 people were recorded killed during Hassan's rule according to the
truth commission.
The Spanish enclave of Ifni in
the south was returned to Morocco in 1969. The Polisario movement was
formed in 1973, with the aim of establishing an independent state in the
Spanish Sahara. On 6 November 1975, King Hassan asked for volunteers to cross
into the Spanish Sahara. Some 350,000 civilians were reported as being involved
in the "Green March".[52] A
month later, Spain agreed to leave the Spanish Sahara, soon to become Western
Sahara, and to transfer it to joint Moroccan-Mauritanian control, despite the
objections and threats of military intervention by Algeria. Moroccan forces
occupied the territory.[37]
Moroccan and
Algerian troops soon clashed in
Western Sahara. Morocco and
Mauritania divided up Western Sahara. Fighting between the Moroccan military
and Polisario forces continued for many years. The prolonged war was a
considerable financial drain on Morocco. In 1983, Hassan cancelled planned
elections amid political unrest and economic crisis. In 1984, Morocco left the
Organisation of African Unity in protest at the SADR's
admission to the body. Polisario claimed to have killed more than 5,000
Moroccan soldiers between 1982 and 1985.
Algerian
authorities have estimated the number of Sahrawi refugees in
Algeria to be 165,000.[53] Diplomatic
relations with Algeria were restored in 1988. In 1991, a UN-monitored ceasefire
began in Western Sahara, but the territory's status remains undecided and ceasefire
violations are reported. The following decade saw much wrangling over a
proposed referendum on the future of the territory but the deadlock was not
broken.
Political reforms
in the 1990s resulted in the establishment of a bicameral legislature in 1997
and Morocco's first opposition-led government came to power in 1998.
Protestors
in Casablanca demand
that authorities honor their promises of political reform.
King Hassan II died
in 1999 and was succeeded by his son, Mohammed
VI. He is a cautious moderniser who has introduced some
economic and social liberalisation.[54]
Mohammed VI paid a
controversial visit to the Western Sahara in 2002. Morocco unveiled an autonomy
blueprint for Western Sahara to the United Nations in 2007. The Polisario
rejected the plan and put forward its own proposal. Morocco and the Polisario
Front held UN-sponsored talks in New York City but failed to come to any
agreement. In 2010, security forces stormed a protest camp in the Western
Sahara, triggering violent demonstrations in the regional capital El Aaiún.
In 2002, Morocco
and Spain agreed to a US-brokered resolution over the disputed island of
Perejil. Spanish troops had taken the normally uninhabited island after
Moroccan soldiers landed on it and set up tents and a flag. There were renewed
tensions in 2005, as hundreds of African migrants tried to storm the borders of
the Spanish enclaves of Melilla and Ceuta. Morocco deported hundreds of the
illegal migrants. In 2006, the Spanish Premier Zapatero visited Spanish
enclaves. He was the first Spanish leader in 25 years to make an official visit
to the territories. The following year, Spanish King Juan Carlos I visited
Ceuta and Melilla, further angering Morocco which demanded control of the
enclaves.
During the 2011–2012
Moroccan protests, thousands of
people rallied in Rabat and other cities calling for political reform and a new
constitution curbing the powers of the king. In July 2011, the King won a
landslide victory in a referendum on a reformed constitution he had proposed to
placate the Arab Spring protests.
Despite the reforms made by Mohammed VI, demonstrators continued to call for
deeper reforms. Hundreds took part in a trade union rally in Casablanca in May
2012. Participants accused the government of failing to deliver on reforms.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Morocco
Toubkal, the highest peak in Northwest Africa, 4,167 m (13,671 ft)
A section of the Anti-Atlas near Tafraout
An
old Cedrus atlantica tree
in the Atlas range
Morocco has a coast
by the Atlantic Ocean that
reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into
the Mediterranean Sea.
It is bordered by Spain to
the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with
three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla,
and Peñón
de Vélez de la Gomera), Algeria to
the east, and Western Sahara to
the south. Since Morocco controls most of Western Sahara, its de facto southern
boundary is with Mauritania.
The internationally
recognised borders of the country lie between latitudes 27° and
36°N, and longitudes 1° and 14°W.
Adding Western Sahara, Morocco lies mostly between 21° and 36°N,
and 1° and 17°W (the Ras Nouadhibou peninsula
is slightly south of 21° and west of 17°).
The geography of
Morocco spans from the Atlantic Ocean, to mountainous areas, to the Sahara
desert. Morocco is a Northern African country,
bordering the North Atlantic
Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and
the annexed Western Sahara. It is one of only three nations (along with Spain and France)
to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines.
A large part of
Morocco is mountainous. The Atlas Mountains are
located mainly in the centre and the south of the country. The Rif Mountains are
located in the north of the country. Both ranges are mainly inhabited by
the Berber people.
At 446,550 km2 (172,414 sq mi), Morocco
excluding Western Sahara is the fifty-seventh largest country in the world.
Algeria borders Morocco to the east and southeast, though the border between
the two countries has been closed since 1994.
Spanish territory
in Northwest Africa neighbouring Morocco comprises five enclaves on the
Mediterranean coast: Ceuta, Melilla, Peñón
de Vélez de la Gomera, Peñón de Alhucemas,
the Chafarinas islands,
and the disputed islet Perejil.
Off the Atlantic coast the Canary Islands belong
to Spain, whereas Madeira to
the north is Portuguese.
To the north, Morocco is bordered by the Strait of Gibraltar, where
international shipping has unimpeded transit passage between
the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
The Rif mountains
stretch over the region bordering the Mediterranean from the north-west to the
north-east. The Atlas Mountains run down the backbone of the country,[55] from
the northeast to the southwest. Most of the southeast portion of the country is
in the Sahara Desert and
as such is generally sparsely populated and unproductive economically. Most of
the population lives to the north of these mountains, while to the south lies
the Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony that was annexed by Morocco in 1975
(see Green March).[56] Morocco
claims that the Western Sahara is part of its territory and refers to that as
its Southern Provinces.
Morocco's capital
city is Rabat;
its largest city is its main port, Casablanca.
Other cities recording a population over 500,000 in the 2014 Moroccan
census are Fes, Marrakesh, Meknes, Salé and Tangier.[57]
Morocco is represented
in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 geographical
encoding standard by the symbol MA.[58] This
code was used as the basis for Morocco's internet domain, .ma.[58]
Climate
Köppen
climate types in Morocco
The country's Mediterranean
climate is similar to that of
southern California,
with lush forests in the northern and central mountain ranges of the country,
giving way to drier conditions and inland deserts further southeast. The
Moroccan coastal plains experience remarkably moderate temperatures even in
summer, owing to the effect of the cold Canary Current off
its Atlantic coast.
In the Rif, Middle
and High Atlas Mountains, there exist several different types of climates:
Mediterranean along the coastal lowlands, giving way to a humid temperate
climate at higher elevations with sufficient moisture to allow for the growth
of different species of oaks, moss carpets, junipers, and Atlantic fir which is
a royal conifer tree endemic to
Morocco. In the valleys, fertile soils and high precipitation allow for the
growth of thick and lush forests. Cloud forests can be found in the west of the
Rif Mountains and Middle Atlas Mountains. At higher elevations, the climate
becomes alpine in character, and can sustain ski resorts.
Southeast of the
Atlas mountains, near the Algerian borders, the climate becomes very dry, with
long and hot summers. Extreme heat and low moisture levels are especially
pronounced in the lowland regions east of the Atlas range due to the rain
shadow effect of the mountain system. The southeasternmost portions of Morocco
are very hot, and include portions of the Sahara Desert,
where vast swathes of sand dunes and rocky plains are dotted with lush oases.
In contrast to the
Sahara region in the south, coastal plains are
fertile in the central and northern regions of the country, and comprise the
backbone of the country's agriculture, in which 95% of the population live. The
direct exposure to the North Atlantic Ocean, the proximity to mainland Europe
and the long stretched Rif and Atlas mountains are the factors of the rather
European-like climate in the northern half of the country. That makes Morocco a
country of contrasts. Forested areas cover
about 12% of the country while arable land accounts for 18%. Approximately 5%
of Moroccan land is irrigated for agricultural use.
Landscape
of the Erg Chebbi
In general, apart
from the southeast regions (pre-Saharan and desert areas), Morocco's climate
and geography are very similar to the Iberian peninsula. Thus Morocco has the
following climate zones:
·
Mediterranean: Dominates
the coastal Mediterranean regions of the country, along the (500 km
strip), and some parts of the Atlantic coast. Summers are hot to moderately hot
and dry, average highs are between 29 °C (84.2 °F) and 32 °C
(89.6 °F). Winters are generally mild and wet, daily average temperatures
hover around 9 °C (48.2 °F) to 11 °C (51.8 °F), and average
low are around 5 °C (41.0 °F) to 8 °C (46.4 °F), typical to
the coastal areas of the west Mediterranean. Annual Precipitation in this area
vary from 600 to 800 mm in the west to 350–500 mm in the east.
Notable cities that fall into this zone are Tangier, Tetouan, Al Hoceima, Nador and Safi.
·
Sub-Mediterranean: It
influences cities that show Mediterranean characteristics, but remain fairly
influenced by other climates owing to their either relative elevation, or
direct exposure to the North Atlantic Ocean. We thus have two main influencing
climates:
·
Oceanic: Determined
by the cooler summers, where highs are around 27 °C (80.6 °F) and in
terms of the Essaouira region, are almost always around 21 °C
(69.8 °F). The medium daily temperatures can get as low as 19 °C
(66.2 °F), while winters are chilly to mild and wet. Annual precipitation
varies from 400 to 700 mm. Notable cities that fall into this zone
are Rabat, Casablanca, Kénitra, Salé and Essaouira.
·
Continental: Determined
by the bigger gap between highs and lows, that results in hotter summers and colder
winters, than found in typical Mediterranean zones. In summer, daily highs can
get as high as 40 °C (104.0 °F) during heat waves, but usually are
between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 36 °C (96.8 °F). However,
temperatures drop as the sun sets. Night temperatures usually fall below
20 °C (68.0 °F), and sometimes as low as 10 °C (50.0 °F) in
mid-summer. Winters are cooler, and can get below the freezing point multiple
times between December and February. Also, snow can fall occasionally. Fès for
example registered −8 °C (17.6 °F) in winter 2005. Annual
precipitation varies between 500 and 900 mm. Notable cities are Fès, Meknès, Chefchaouen, Beni-Mellal and Taza.
·
Continental: Dominates
the mountainous regions of the north and central parts of the country, where
summers are hot to very hot, with highs between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and
36 °C (96.8 °F). Winters on the other hand are cold, and lows usually
go beyond the freezing point. And when cold damp air comes to Morocco from the
northwest, for a few days, temperatures sometimes get below −5 °C
(23.0 °F). It often snows abundantly in this part of the country.
Precipitation varies between 400 and 800 mm. Notable cities are Khenifra, Imilchil, Midelt and Azilal.
·
Alpine: Found
in some parts of the Middle Atlas Mountain range and the eastern part of the
High Atlas Mountain range. Summers are very warm to moderately hot, and winters
are longer, cold and snowy. Precipitation varies between 400 and 1200 mm.
In summer highs barely go above 30 °C (86.0 °F), and lows are cool
and average below 15 °C (59.0 °F). In winters, highs average around
8 °C (46.4 °F), and lows go well below the freezing point. In this
part of country, there are many ski resorts, such as Oukaimeden and
Mischliefen. Notable cities are Ifrane, Azrou and Boulmane.
·
Semi-arid: This
type of climate is found in the south of the country and some parts of the east
of the country, where rainfall is lower and annual precipitations are between
200 and 350 mm. However, one usually finds Mediterranean characteristics
in those regions, such as the precipitation pattern and thermal attributes.
Notable cities are Agadir, Marrakesh and Oujda.
South of Agadir and
east of Jerada near the Algerian borders, arid and desert climate starts to
prevail.
Due to Morocco's
proximity to the Sahara desert and the North Sea of the Atlantic Ocean, two
phenomena occur to influence the regional seasonal temperatures, either by
raising temperatures by 7–8 degrees Celsius when sirocco blows
from the east creating heatwaves, or by lowering temperatures by 7–8 degrees
Celsius when cold damp air blows from the northwest, creating a coldwave or
cold spell. However, these phenomena do not last for more than two to five days
on average.
Countries or regions
that share the same climatic characteristics with Morocco are the state
of California (USA), Portugal, Spain and Algeria.
Precipitation
Annual rainfall in
Morocco is different according to regions. The northwestern parts of the
country receive between 500 mm and 1200 mm, while the northeastern
parts receive between 350 and 600 mm. North Central Morocco receives
between 700 mm and up to 3500 mm. The area from Casablanca to
Essaouira, on the Atlantic coast, receives between 300 mm and 500 mm.
The regions from Essaouira to Agadir receive between 250 mm and
400 mm. Marrakesh region in the central south receives only 250 mm a
year. The southeastern regions, basically the driest areas, receive between
100 mm and 200 mm only, and consist basically of arid and desert
lands.
Botanically
speaking, Morocco enjoys a great variety of vegetation, from lush large forests
of conifer and oak trees typical of the western Mediterranean countries
(Morocco, Algeria, Italy, Spain, France and Portugal), to shrubs and acacias
further south. This is due to the diversity of climate and the precipitation
patterns in the country.
Morocco's weather
is one of the most pristine in terms of the four-season experience. Most
regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and
winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while
spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in
spring and falling leaves in autumn. This type of weather has affected the
Moroccan culture and behaviour and played a part in the social interaction of
the population, like many other countries that fall into this type of climate
zone.
Climate change
This section is an
excerpt from Climate
change in Morocco[edit]
Like other countries in the MENA region, climate
change is expected to significantly impact Morocco on
multiple dimensions. As a coastal country with hot and arid climates,
environmental impacts are likely to be wide and varied.
Moreover,
analysis of these environmental changes on the economy of Morocco are
expected to create challenges at all levels of the economy, especially in the
agricultural systems and fisheries which employ half of the population, and
account for 14% of GDP.[59] Moreover,
because 60% of the population and most of the industrial activity are on the coast, sea level rise is
a major threat to key economic forces.[59] As
of the 2019 Climate
Change Performance Index, Morocco was
ranked second in preparedness
behind Sweden.[60]
Biodiversity
An adult male Barbary macaque carrying
his offspring, a behaviour rarely found in other primates.
The Barbary lion
Morocco has a wide
range of biodiversity.
It is part of the Mediterranean basin,
an area with exceptional concentrations of endemic species undergoing rapid
rates of habitat loss, and is therefore considered to be a hotspot for
conservation priority.[61] Avifauna are
notably variant.[62] The
avifauna of Morocco includes a total of 454 species, five of which have
been introduced by
humans, and 156 are rarely or accidentally seen.[63]
The Barbary lion,
hunted to extinction in the wild, was a subspecies native to Morocco and is a
national emblem.[2] The
last Barbary lion in the wild was shot in the Atlas Mountains in 1922.[64] The
other two primary predators of northern Africa, the Atlas bear and Barbary leopard,
are now extinct and critically endangered, respectively. Relict populations of
the West
African crocodile persisted in
the Draa river until
the 20th century.[65]
The Barbary
macaque, a primate endemic to Morocco and Algeria, is also facing extinction
due to offtake for trade[66] human
interruption, urbanisation, wood and real estate expansion that diminish
forested area – the macaque's habitat.
Trade of animals
and plants for food, pets, medicinal purposes, souvenirs and photo props is
common across Morocco, despite laws making much of it illegal.[67][68] This
trade is unregulated and causing unknown reductions of wild populations of
native Moroccan wildlife. Because of the proximity of northern Morocco to Europe,
species such as cacti, tortoises, mammal skins, and high-value birds (falcons
and bustards) are harvested in various parts of the country and exported in
appreciable quantities, with especially large volumes of eel harvested – 60
tons exported to the Far East in the period 2009‒2011.[69]
Politics
Main article: Politics
of Morocco
The King of Morocco, Mohammed
VI.
Morocco was
an authoritarian regime according
to the Democracy Index of 2014. The Freedom
of the Press 2014 report gave it a
rating of "Not Free". This has improved since, however, and in 2017,
Morocco was upgraded to being a "hybrid regime"
according to the Democracy Index in 2017 and the Freedom of the Press report in
2017 found that Morocco was "partly free".[70]
Following the March
1998 elections, a coalition government headed by opposition socialist leader Abderrahmane
Youssoufi and composed largely of
ministers drawn from opposition parties, was formed. Prime Minister Youssoufi's
government was the first ever government drawn primarily from opposition
parties, and also represents the first opportunity for a coalition of
socialists, left-of-centre, and nationalist parties to be included in the
government until October 2002. It was also the first time in the modern
political history of the Arab world that the opposition assumed power
following an election. The current
government is headed by Saadeddine Othmani.
The Moroccan
Constitution provides for a monarchy
with a Parliament and
an independent judiciary.
With the 2011 constitutional reforms,
the King of Morocco retains less executive powers whereas those of the prime
minister have been enlarged.[71][72]
The constitution
grants the king honorific powers (among other powers); he is both the secular
political leader and the "Commander of the Faithful" as a direct
descendant of the Prophet Mohammed.
He presides over the Council of Ministers; appoints the Prime Minister from the
political party that has won the most seats in the parliamentary elections, and
on recommendations from the latter, appoints the members of the government.
The constitution of
1996 theoretically allowed the king to terminate the tenure of any minister,
and after consultation with the heads of the higher and lower Assemblies, to
dissolve the Parliament, suspend the constitution, call for new elections, or
rule by decree. The only time this happened was in 1965. The King is formally
the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
Legislative branch
The legislature's building in Rabat.
Since the
constitutional reform of 1996, the bicameral legislature consists of two
chambers. The Assembly
of Representatives of Morocco (Majlis
an-Nuwwâb/Assemblée des Répresentants) has 325 members elected for a
five-year term, 295 elected in multi-seat constituencies and
30 in national lists consisting only of women. The Assembly
of Councillors (Majlis
al-Mustasharin) has 270 members, elected for a nine-year term, elected by
local councils (162 seats), professional chambers (91 seats) and wage-earners
(27 seats).
The Parliament's
powers, though still relatively limited, were expanded under the 1992 and 1996
and even further in the 2011 constitutional revisions and include budgetary matters,
approving bills,
questioning ministers, and establishing ad hoc commissions of inquiry to
investigate the government's actions. The lower chamber of Parliament may
dissolve the government through a vote
of no confidence.
The latest
parliamentary elections were held on November
25, 2011. Voter turnout in these
elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters.
Military
Mohammed VI, a FREMM
multipurpose frigate of the Royal Moroccan Navy.
US Marines and Moroccan soldiers during exercise
African Lion in Tan tan.
Main article: Royal
Moroccan Armed Forces
Compulsory military
service in Morocco has been officially suspended since September 2006, and
Morocco's reserve obligation lasts until age 50. Morocco's military consists of
the Royal Armed Forces—this includes the Army (the
largest branch), the Navy,
the Air
Force, the Royal Guard,
the Royal
Gendarmerie and the Auxiliary Forces.
Internal security is generally effective, and acts of political violence are
rare (with one exception, the 2003
Casablanca bombings which killed
45 people[73]).
The UN maintains a
small observer force in Western Sahara, where a large number of Morocco's
troops are stationed. The Saharawi group Polisario maintains
an active militia of an estimated 5,000 fighters in Western Sahara and has
engaged in intermittent warfare with Moroccan forces since the 1970s.
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign
relations of Morocco
Morocco is a member
of the United Nations and
belongs to the African Union (AU), Arab League, Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), Organisation
of Islamic Cooperation (OIC),
the Non-Aligned
Movement and the Community
of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN_SAD).
Morocco's relationships vary greatly between African, Arab, and Western states.
Morocco has had strong ties to the West in order to gain economic and political
benefits.[74] France
and Spain remain the primary trade partners, as well as the primary creditors
and foreign investors in Morocco. From the total foreign investments in
Morocco, the European Union invests
approximately 73.5%, whereas, the Arab world invests only 19.3%. Many countries
from the Persian
Gulf and Maghreb regions
are getting more involved in large-scale development projects in Morocco.[75]
Morocco claims sovereignty over Spanish enclaves
of Ceuta and Melilla.
Morocco was the
only African state not to be a member of the African Union due
to its unilateral withdrawal on 12 November 1984 over the admission of
the Sahrawi
Arab Democratic Republic in 1982 by
the African Union (then
called Organisation of African Unity) as a full member without the organisation
of a referendum of self-determination in the disputed territory of Western
Sahara. Morocco rejoined the AU on 30 January 2017.[76][77]
A dispute
with Spain in 2002 over the small island of Perejil revived
the issue of the sovereignty of Melilla and Ceuta.
These small enclaves on the Mediterranean coast are surrounded by Morocco and
have been administered by Spain for centuries.
Morocco has been
given the status of major non-NATO ally by
the US government. Morocco was the first country in the world to recognise US
sovereignty (in 1777).
Morocco is included
in the European Union's European
Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which
aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
Western Sahara status
Main article: Legal
status of Western Sahara
Morocco annexed Western Sahara in 1975. The Polisario Front control
the territory east of the Moroccan berm (wall).
Due to the conflict
over Western Sahara,
the status of the Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro regions
is disputed. The Western Sahara War saw
the Polisario Front,
the Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement, battling both Morocco and
Mauritania between 1976 and a ceasefire in 1991 that is still in effect. A
United Nations mission, MINURSO,
is tasked with organizing a referendum on whether the territory should become
independent or recognised as a part of Morocco.
Part of the
territory, the Free
Zone, is a mostly uninhabited area that the Polisario
Front controls as the Sahrawi
Arab Democratic Republic. Its
administrative headquarters are located in Tindouf,
Algeria. As of 2006, no UN
member state has recognised Moroccan
sovereignty over Western Sahara.[78]
In 2006, the government
of Morocco has suggested autonomous status
for the region, through the Moroccan Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS).
The project was presented to the United
Nations Security Council in mid-April
2007. The proposal was encouraged by Moroccan allies such as the United States, France and Spain.[79] The
Security Council has called upon the parties to enter into direct and
unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution.[80]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative
divisions of Morocco
The 12 official administrative Regions of Morocco,
with their native names in Berber
Morocco is officially
divided into 12 regions,[81] which,
in turn, are subdivided into 62 provinces and 13 prefectures.[82]
Regions
2.
Oriental
3.
Fès-Meknès
9.
Souss-Massa
Human rights
See also: Human
rights in Morocco and LGBT
rights in Morocco
During the early
1960s to the late 1980s, under the leadership of Hassan II,
Morocco had one of the worst human rights record in both Africa and the world.
Government repression of political dissent was widespread during Hassan II's
leadership, until it dropped sharply in the mid-1990s. The decades previous to
this time are called the Years
of Lead (Les Années de Plomb),
and included forced
disappearances, assassinations of
government opponents and protesters, and secret internment camps such as Tazmamart.
To examine the abuses committed during the reign of King Hassan II (1961–1999),
the government has set up an Equity
and Reconciliation Commission (IER).[83][84]
According to Human Rights Watch annual
report 2016, Moroccan authorities restricted the rights to peaceful expression,
association and assembly through several laws. The authorities continue to
prosecute both printed and online media which criticizes the government or
the king (or
the royal family).[85] There
are also persistent allegations of violence against both Sahrawi pro-independence and
pro-Polisario demonstrators[86] in
Western Sahara; a disputed territory which is occupied by and considered by
Morocco as part of its Southern Provinces.
Morocco has been accused of detaining Sahrawi pro-independence activists as
prisoners of conscience.[87]
Homosexual
acts as well as pre-marital sex are illegal in
Morocco, and can be punishable by six months to three years of imprisonment.[88][89] It
is illegal to proselytise for
any religion other than Islam (article
220 of the Moroccan Penal Code), and that crime is punishable by a maximum of
15 years of imprisonment.[90][91] Violence
against women and sexual harassment have been criminalized. The penalty can be
from one month to five years, with fines ranging from $200 to $1,000.[92]
As of May 24, 2020,
hundreds of Moroccan migrant workers are trapped in Spain. They are
continuously begging their government to let them come back home. The Spanish
government states that it is holding discussions with the Moroccan government
about repatriating the migrant workers via a "humanitarian corridor,"
but it's unclear how long will the process take.[93]
Economy
Main article: Economy
of Morocco
Boulevard des FAR (Forces Armées Royales)
Morocco's economy
is considered a relatively liberal economy governed
by the law of supply and demand.
Since 1993, the country has followed a policy of privatisation of
certain economic sectors which used to be in the hands of the government.[94] Morocco
has become a major player in African economic affairs,[95] and
is the 5th African economy by
GDP (PPP). Morocco was ranked as the first African country by the Economist
Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life
index, ahead of South Africa.[citation
needed] However,
in the years since that first-place ranking was given, Morocco has slipped into
fourth place behind Egypt.
Map of Morocco's exports as of 2017
Government reforms
and steady yearly growth in the region of 4–5% from 2000 to 2007, including
4.9% year-on-year growth in 2003–2007 helped the Moroccan economy to become
much more robust compared to a few years earlier. For 2012 the World Bank
forecast a rate of 4% growth for Morocco and 4.2% for following year, 2013.[96]
The services sector accounts
for just over half of GDP and
industry, made up of mining, construction and manufacturing, is an additional
quarter. The industries that recorded the highest growth are tourism,
telecoms, information technology, and textile.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism
in Morocco
The Koutoubia Mosque in
Marrakech.
Tourism is one of
the most important sectors in Moroccan economy. It is well developed with a
strong tourist industry focused on the country's coast, culture, and history.
Morocco attracted more than 11 million tourists in 2017. Tourism is the
second largest foreign exchange earner in Morocco after the phosphate industry.
The Moroccan government is heavily investing in tourism development, in 2010
the government launched its Vision 2020 which plans to make Morocco one of the
top 20 tourist destinations in the world and to double the annual number of
international arrivals to 20 million by 2020,[97] with
the hope that tourism will then have risen to 20% of GDP.
Large government
sponsored marketing campaigns to attract tourists advertised Morocco as a cheap
and exotic, yet safe, place for tourists. Most of the visitors to Morocco
continue to be European, with French nationals making up almost 20% of all
visitors. Most Europeans visit between April and August.[98] Morocco's
relatively high number of tourists has been aided by its location—Morocco is
close to Europe and attracts visitors to its beaches. Because of its proximity
to Spain, tourists in southern Spain's coastal areas take one- to three-day
trips to Morocco.
Since air services
between Morocco and Algeria have been established, many Algerians have gone to
Morocco to shop and visit family and friends. Morocco is relatively inexpensive
because of the devaluation of the dirham and the increase of hotel prices in
Spain. Morocco has an excellent road and rail infrastructure that links the
major cities and tourist destinations with ports and cities with international
airports. Low-cost airlines offer cheap flights to the country.
View of the medina (old city) of Fez.
Tourism is
increasingly focused on Morocco's culture, such as its ancient cities. The
modern tourist industry capitalises on Morocco's ancient Berber, Roman and
Islamic sites, and on its landscape and cultural history. 60% of Morocco's
tourists visit for its culture and heritage. Agadir is a major coastal resort
and has a third of all Moroccan bed nights. It is a base for tours to the Atlas
Mountains. Other resorts in north Morocco are also very popular.[99][100]
Casablanca is the
major cruise port in Morocco, and has the best developed market for tourists in
Morocco, Marrakech in central Morocco is a popular tourist destination, but is
more popular among tourists for one- and two-day excursions that provide a
taste of Morocco's history and culture. The Majorelle botanical garden in
Marrakech is a popular tourist attraction. It was bought by the fashion
designer Yves Saint-Laurent and Pierre Bergé in 1980. Their presence in the
city helped to boost the city's profile as a tourist destination.[101]
As of 2006,
activity and adventure tourism in the Atlas and Rif Mountains are the fastest
growth area in Moroccan tourism. These locations have excellent walking and
trekking opportunities from late March to mid-November. The government is
investing in trekking circuits. They are also developing desert tourism in
competition with Tunisia.[102]
Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture
in Morocco
Barley field in an oasis (Southern Morocco, 2006)
Crate of clementine (mandarin) oranges from Morocco.
This section is an
excerpt from Agriculture
in Morocco[edit]
High Atlas,
Boumalne du Dades.
Agriculture
in Morocco employs about 40% of the
nation's workforce. Thus, it is the largest employer in the country. In the
rainy sections of the northwest, barley, wheat,
and other cereals can be raised without irrigation. On the Atlantic coast,
where there are extensive plains, olives, citrus fruits, and wine grapes are
grown, largely with water supplied by artesian wells. Morocco also produces a
significant amount of illicit hashish,
much of which is shipped to Western Europe. Livestock are
raised and forests yield cork, cabinet wood, and building materials. Part of
the maritime population fishes for its livelihood. Agadir, Essaouira, El Jadida,
and Larache are
among the important fishing harbors.[103] Both
the agriculture and fishing industries are expected
to be severely impacted by climate change.[104]
Moroccan
agricultural production also consists of orange, tomatoes, potatoes, olives,
and olive oil. High quality agricultural products are usually exported to
Europe. Morocco produces enough food for domestic consumption except for
grains, sugar, coffee and tea. More than 40% of Morocco's consumption of grains
and flour is imported from the United States and France.
Agriculture
industry in Morocco enjoyed a complete tax exemption until 2013. Many Moroccan
critics said that rich farmers and large agricultural companies were taking too
much benefit of not paying the taxes and that poor farmers were struggling with
high costs and are getting very poor support from the state. In 2014, as part
of the Finance Law, it was decided that agricultural companies with a turnover
of greater than MAD 5 million would pay progressive corporate income taxes.[105]
Infrastructure
Mohammed VI bridge, longest suspended bridge in Africa
Newly built road part of the development program for the southern provinces
Al Boraq RGV2N2 high-speed trainset at Tanger Ville railway station in November 2018
Tanger-Med port
According to
the Global
Competitiveness Report of 2019,
Morocco Ranked 32nd in the world in terms of Roads, 16th in Sea, 45th in Air
and 64th in Railways. This gives Morocco the best infrastructure rankings in
the African continent.[106]
Modern
infrastructure development, such as ports, airports, and rail links, is a top
government priority. To meet the growing domestic demand, the Moroccan
government invested more than $15 billion from 2010 to 2015 in upgrading its
basic infrastructure.[107]
Morocco has one of
the best road systems on the continent. Over the past 20 years, the government
has built approximately 1770 kilometers of modern roads, connecting most major
cities via toll expressways. The Moroccan Ministry of Equipment, Transport,
Logistics, and Water aims to build an additional 3380 kilometers of expressway
and 2100 kilometers of highway by 2030, at an expected cost of $9.6 billion.
While focusing on linking the southern provinces, notably the cities of Laayoune
and Dakhla to the rest of Morocco.
In 2014, Morocco
began the construction of the first high-speed railway system in Africa linking
the cities of Tangiers and Casablanca. It was inaugurated in 2018 by the King
following over a decade of planning and construction by Moroccan national
railway company ONCF. It is the first phase of what is planned to eventually be
a 1,500 kilometeres (930 mi) high-speed rail network in Morocco. An
extension of the line to Marrakesh is already being planned.
Morocco also has
the largest port in Africa and the Mediterranean called Tanger-Med,
which is ranked the 18th in the world with a handling capacity of over 9
million containers. It is situated in the Tangiers free economic zone and
serves as a logistics hub for Africa and the world.[108]
Energy
Main article: Energy in Morocco
Solar cell panels
in eastern Morocco
In 2008, about 56%
of Morocco's electricity supply was provided by coal.[109] However,
as forecasts indicate that energy requirements in Morocco will rise 6% per year
between 2012 and 2050,[110] a
new law passed encouraging Moroccans to look for ways to diversify the energy
supply, including more renewable resources.
The Moroccan government has launched a project to build a solar thermal
energy power plant[111] and
is also looking into the use of natural gas as a potential source of revenue
for Morocco's government.[110]
Morocco has
embarked upon the construction of large solar energy farms
to lessen dependence on fossil fuels, and to eventually export electricity
to Europe.[112]
Narcotics
Cannabis Fields in Ketama Tidighine mountain, Morocco
Since the 7th
century, Cannabis has
been cultivated in the Rif Region.[113] In
2004, according to the UN World Drugs Report, cultivation and transformation of
Cannabis represents 0.57% of the national GDP of Morocco in 2002.[114] According
to a French Ministry of the Interior 2006 report, 80% of the cannabis resin
(hashish) consumed in Europe comes from the Rif region
in Morocco, which is mostly mountainous terrain in the north of Morocco, also
hosting plains that are very fertile and expanding from Melwiyya River and Ras
Kebdana in the East to Tangier and Cape Spartel in the West. Also, the region
extends from the Mediterranean in the south, home of the Wergha River, to the
north.[115] In
addition to that, Morocco is a transit point for cocaine from South America
destined for Western Europe.[116]
Water supply and sanitation
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Morocco
Water supply and
sanitation in Morocco is provided by a wide array of utilities. They range from
private companies in the largest city, Casablanca,
the capital, Rabat,
and two other cities,[clarification
needed] to
public municipal utilities in 13 other cities, as well as a national
electricity and water company (ONEE). The latter is in charge of bulk water
supply to the aforementioned utilities, water distribution in about 500 small
towns, as well as sewerage and wastewater treatment in 60 of these towns.
There have been
substantial improvements in access to water supply, and to a lesser extent to
sanitation, over the past fifteen years. Remaining challenges include a low
level of wastewater treatment (only 13% of collected wastewater is being
treated), lack of house connections in the poorest urban neighbourhoods, and
limited sustainability of rural systems (20 percent of rural systems are
estimated not to function). In 2005 a National Sanitation Program was approved
that aims at treating 60% of collected wastewater and connecting 80% of urban
households to sewers by 2020. The issue of lack of water connections for some
of the urban poor is being addressed as part of the National
Human Development Initiative, under which
residents of informal settlements have received land titles and have fees
waived that are normally paid to utilities in order to connect to the water and
sewer network.
Science
and technology
Main article: Science
and technology in Morocco
The Moroccan government has
been implementing reforms to improve the quality of education and make research
more responsive to socio-economic needs. In May 2009, Morocco's prime minister,
Abbas El Fassi, announced greater support for science during a meeting at the
National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research. The aim was to give
universities greater financial autonomy from the government to make them more
responsive to research needs and better able to forge links with the private
sector, in the hope that this would nurture a culture of entrepreneurship in
academia. He announced that investment in science and technology would rise
from US$620,000 in 2008 to US$8.5 million (69 million Moroccan dirhams) in
2009, in order to finance the refurbishment and construction of laboratories,
training courses for researchers in financial management, a scholarship
programme for postgraduate research and incentive measures for companies
prepared to finance research, such as giving them access to scientific results
that they could then use to develop new products.[117]
The Moroccan
Innovation Strategy was launched at the country's first National
Innovation Summit in June 2009 by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce,
Investment and the Digital Economy. The Moroccan Innovation Strategy fixed
the target of producing 1,000 Moroccan patents and creating 200 innovative
start-ups by 2014. In 2012, Moroccan inventors applied for 197 patents, up from
152 two years earlier. In 2011, the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and New
Technologies created a Moroccan Club of Innovation, in partnership with the
Moroccan Office of Industrial and Commercial Property. The idea is to create a
network of players in innovation, including researchers, entrepreneurs,
students and academics, to help them develop innovative projects.[118]
The Ministry of
Higher Education and Scientific Research is supporting research in advanced
technologies and the development of innovative cities in Fez, Rabat and
Marrakesh. The government is encouraging public institutions to engage with
citizens in innovation. One example is the Moroccan Phosphate Office (Office
chérifien des phosphates), which has invested in a project to develop a smart
city, King Mohammed VI Green City, around Mohammed VI University located between
Casablanca and Marrakesh, at a cost of DH 4.7 billion (circa US$479
million).[118][119]
As of 2015, Morocco
had three technoparks. Since the first technopark was established in Rabat in
2005, a second has been set up in Casablanca, followed, in 2015, by a third in
Tangers. The technoparks host start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises
specializing in information and communication technologies (ICTs), 'green'
technologies (namely, environmentally friendly technologies) and cultural
industries.[118]
In 2012, the Hassan
II Academy of Science and Technology identified a number of sectors where
Morocco has a comparative advantage and skilled human capital, including
mining, fisheries, food chemistry and new technologies. It also identified a
number of strategic sectors, such as energy, with an emphasis on renewable
energies such as photovoltaic, thermal solar energy, wind and biomass; as well
as the water, nutrition and health sectors, the environment and geosciences.[118][120]
On 20 May 2015,
less than a year after its inception, the Higher Council for Education,
Training and Scientific Research presented a report to the king offering
a Vision for Education in Morocco 2015–2030. The report advocated
making education egalitarian and, thus, accessible to the greatest number.
Since improving the quality of education goes hand in hand with promoting
research and development, the report also recommended developing an integrated
national innovation system which would be financed by gradually increasing the
share of GDP devoted to research and development (R&D) from 0.73% of GDP in
2010 ‘to 1% in the short term, 1.5% by 2025 and 2% by 2030’.[118]
Demographics
Main
articles: Demographics
of Morocco and Moroccans
Morocco has a
population of around 36,029,093 inhabitants (2018 est.).[122][123] According
to the CIA, 99% of residents are Arab-Berber.[1]
Population pyramid
It is estimated
that between 41%[124] to
80% of residents have Berber ancestral
origins.[125] A
sizeable portion of the population is identified as Haratin and Gnawa (or
Gnaoua), West African or mixed race descendants of slaves,
and Moriscos,
European Muslims expelled from Spain and Portugal in the 17th century.[126]
According to the
2014 Morocco population census, there were around 84,000 immigrants in the
country. Of these foreign-born residents, most were of French origin,
followed by individuals mainly from various nations in West Africa and Algeria.[127] There
are also a number of foreign residents of Spanish origin.
Some of them are descendants of colonial settlers, who primarily work for
European multinational companies, while others are married to Moroccans or are
retirees. Prior to independence, Morocco was home to half a million Europeans;
who were mostly Christians.[128] Also
prior to independence, Morocco was home to 250,000 Spaniards.[129] Morocco's
once prominent Jewish minority
has decreased significantly since its peak of 265,000 in 1948, declining to
around 2,500 today.[130]
Morocco has a
large diaspora,
most of which is located in France, which has reportedly over one million
Moroccans of up to the third generation. There are also large Moroccan
communities in Spain (about 700,000 Moroccans),[131] the
Netherlands (360,000), and Belgium (300,000).[132] Other
large communities can be found in Italy, Canada, the United States, and Israel,
where Moroccan Jews are
thought to constitute the second biggest Jewish ethnic subgroup.[citation
needed]
Religion
Main article: Religion
in Morocco
|
Religions in Morocco[133] |
The religious affiliation in the country was estimated by the Pew Forum in 2010 as 99% Muslim, with all remaining groups accounting for less than 1% of the population.[134] Despite Moroccans being affiliated with Islam, almost 15% nonetheless describe themselves as non-religious according to a 2019 survey conducted for the BBC by the research network Arab Barometer.[135]
The interior of a mosque in Fes
Christians are
estimated at 1% (~380,000) of the Moroccan population.[2] The
predominantly Roman Catholic and Protestant foreign-resident Christian community
consists of approximately 40,000 practising members. Most foreign
resident Christians reside
in the Casablanca, Tangier,
and Rabat urban
areas. Various local Christian leaders estimate that between 2005 and 2010
there are 5,000 citizen converted Christians (mostly ethnically Berber) who
regularly attend "house" churches and live predominantly in the
south.[136] Some
local Christian leaders estimate that there may be as many as 8,000 Christian
citizens throughout the country, but
many reportedly do not meet regularly due to fear of government surveillance
and social persecution.[137] The
number of the Moroccans who converted
to Christianity (most of them
secret worshippers) are estimated between 8,000 and 50,000.[138][139][140][141]
The most recent
estimates put the size of the Casablanca Jewish community at about 2,500,[142] and
the Rabat and Marrakesh Jewish communities at about 100 members each. The
remainder of the Jewish population is dispersed throughout the country. This
population is mostly elderly, with a decreasing number of young people.[137] The Baháʼí Faith community,
located in urban areas, numbers 350 to 400 persons.[137]
Languages
Main article: Languages
of Morocco
Linguistic map of Morocco
Anass speaking Moroccan Arabic, recorded for Wikitongues.
Morocco's official
languages are Arabic and Berber.[143][144] The
country's distinctive group of Moroccan Arabic dialects is referred to as Darija.
Approximately 89.8% of the whole population can communicate to some degree
in Moroccan Arabic.[145] The
Berber language is spoken in three dialects (Tarifit, Tashelhit and Central
Atlas Tamazight).[146] In
2008, Frédéric Deroche estimated that there were 12 million Berber
speakers, making up about 40% of the population.[147] The
2004 population census reported that 28.1% of the population spoke Berber.[145]
French is
widely used in governmental institutions, media, mid-size and large companies,
international commerce with French-speaking countries, and often in
international diplomacy. French is taught as an obligatory language in all
schools. In 2010, there were 10,366,000 French-speakers in Morocco, or about
32% of the population.[148][note 1]
According to the
2004 census, 2.19 million Moroccans spoke a foreign language other than
French.[145] English,
while far behind French in terms of number of speakers, is the first foreign
language of choice, since French is obligatory, among educated youth and professionals.
According to Ethnologue,
as of 2016, there are 1,536,590 individuals (or approximately 4.5% of the
population) in Morocco who speak Spanish.[149] Spanish
is mostly spoken in northern Morocco and the Spanish Sahara because
Spain had previously occupied those areas.[150] A
significant portion of northern Morocco receives Spanish media, television
signal and radio airwaves, which reportedly facilitate competence in the
language in the region.[151]
After Morocco
declared independence in 1956, French and Arabic became the main languages of
administration and education, causing the role of Spanish to decline.[151]
According to a 2012
study by the Government of Spain,
98% of Moroccans spoke Moroccan Arabic,
63% spoke French, 43% Amazigh,
14% spoke English, and 10% spoke Spanish.[152]
Culture
Main article: Culture
of Morocco
The Kasbah of Aït Benhaddou,
built by the Berbers from the 14th century onwards.
Morocco is a
country with a rich culture and civilisation.
Through Moroccan history,
it has hosted many people coming from East (Phoenicians, Jews and Arabs),
South (Sub-Saharan
Africans) and North (Romans, Andalusians).
All those civilisations have affected the social structure of Morocco.
Since independence,
a veritable blossoming has taken place in painting and sculpture, popular
music, amateur theatre, and filmmaking.[153] The
Moroccan National Theatre (founded 1956) offers regular productions of Moroccan
and French dramatic works. Art and music festivals take place throughout the
country during the summer months, among them the World
Sacred Music Festival at Fès.
Each region
possesses its own specificities, thus contributing to the national culture and
to the legacy of civilization. Morocco has set among its top priorities the
protection of its diverse legacy and the preservation of its cultural heritage.[citation
needed]
Culturally
speaking, Morocco has always been successful in combining its Berber, Jewish
and Arabic cultural heritage with external influences such as the French and
the Spanish and, during the last decades, the Anglo-American lifestyles.[154][155][156]
Architecture
Main article: Moroccan architecture
A Moroccan living room.
This section is an excerpt from Moroccan architecture[edit]
A traditional Moroccan townscape in Chefchaouen.
Moroccan
architecture refers to the architecture characteristic
of Morocco throughout its history and
up to modern times. The country's diverse geography and long history, marked by
successive waves of settlers through both migration and military conquest, are
all reflected in its architecture. This architectural heritage ranges
from ancient Roman and Berber sites
to 20th-century colonial and modern architecture.
The most recognizably "Moroccan" architecture, however, is the traditional architecture that developed in the Islamic period (7th century and after) which dominates much of Morocco's documented history and its existing heritage.[157][158] This "Islamic architecture" of Morocco was part of a wider cultural and artistic complex, often referred to as "Hispano-Moorish" art, which characterized Morocco, al-Andalus (Muslim Spain and Portugal), and parts of Algeria and even Tunisia.[159][158][160][161] It blended influences from Berber culture in North Africa, pre-Islamic Spain (Roman, Byzantine, and Visigothic), and contemporary artistic currents in the Islamic Middle East to elaborate a unique style over centuries with recognizable features such as the "Moorish" arch, riad gardens (courtyard gardens with a symmetrical four-part division), and elaborate geometric and arabesque motifs in wood, stucco, and tilework (notably zellij).[159][158][162][163]
The ksar of Ait Benhaddou,
in the southern High Atlas mountains
of Morocco.
Although Moroccan
Berber architecture is not strictly separate from the rest of Moroccan
architecture, many structures and architectural styles are distinctively
associated with traditionally Berber or Berber-dominated regions of Morocco
such as the Atlas Mountains and
the Sahara and
pre-Sahara regions.[164] These
mostly rural regions
are marked by numerous kasbahs (fortresses)
and ksour (fortified
villages) shaped by local geography and social structures, of which one of the
most famous is Ait Benhaddou.[165] They
are typically made of rammed earth and
decorated with local geometric motifs. Far from being isolated from other
historical artistic currents around them, the Berbers of Morocco (and across
North Africa) adapted the forms and ideas of Islamic
architecture to their own conditions and
in turn contributed to the formation of Western Islamic art,
particularly during their political domination of the region over the centuries
of Almoravid, Almohad,
and Marinid rule.[163][164]
Colonial architecture in Casablanca
Modern
architecture in Morocco includes many examples of early 20th-century Art Deco and
local neo-Moorish (or Mauresque)
architecture constructed during the French (and Spanish)
colonial occupation of the country between 1912 and 1956 (or until 1958 for
Spain).[166][167] In
the later 20th century, after Morocco regained its independence, some new
buildings continued to pay tribute to traditional Moroccan architecture and
designs, as exemplified by the massive Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca completed
in 1993.[168] Modernist
architecture is also evident in contemporary constructions, not only for
regular everyday structures but also in major prestige projects.[169][170]
Literature
Main article: Moroccan literature
Moroccan literature is
written mostly in Arabic, Berber, Hebrew, and French. Particularly under the
Almoravid and Almohad empires, Moroccan literature was closely related to
the literature
of al-Andalus, and shared
important poetic and literary forms such as zajal,
the muwashshah,
and the maqama.
Islamic literature, such as Quranic exegeses and
other religious works such as Qadi Ayyad's Al-Shifa were
influential. The University
of al-Qarawiyyin in Fes was an
important literary center attracting scholars from abroad, including Maimonides, Ibn al-Khatib,
and Ibn Khaldun.
Under the Almohad dynasty
Morocco experienced a period of prosperity and brilliance of learning. The Almohad
built the Kutubiyya Mosque in
Marrakesh, which accommodated no fewer than 25,000 people, but was also famed
for its books, manuscripts, libraries and book shops, which gave it its name;
the first book bazaar in history. The Almohad Caliph Abu
Yakub had a great love for collecting books. He
founded a great library, which was eventually carried to the Casbah and
turned into a public library.
Modern Moroccan
literature began in the 1930s. Two main factors gave Morocco a pulse toward
witnessing the birth of a modern literature. Morocco, as a French and Spanish protectorate left
Moroccan intellectuals the opportunity to exchange and to produce literary
works freely enjoying the contact of other Arabic literature and
Europe. Three generations of writers especially shaped 20th century Moroccan
literature.[171] The
first was the generation that lived and wrote during the Protectorate (1912–56),
its most important representative being Mohammed Ben Brahim (1897–1955).
The second
generation was the one that played an important role in the transition to
independence with writers like Abdelkrim Ghallab (1919–2006), Allal al-Fassi (1910–1974)
and Mohammed
al-Mokhtar Soussi (1900–1963).
The third generation is that of writers of the sixties. Moroccan literature
then flourished with writers such as Mohamed Choukri, Driss Chraïbi, Mohamed Zafzaf and Driss El Khouri.
Those writers were an important influence the many Moroccan novelists, poets
and playwrights that were still to come.
During the 1950s
and 1960s, Morocco was a refuge and artistic centre and attracted writers
as Paul Bowles, Tennessee Williams and William S.
Burroughs. Moroccan literature flourished
with novelists such as Mohamed Zafzaf and Mohamed Choukri,
who wrote in Arabic, and Driss Chraïbi and Tahar Ben Jelloun who
wrote in French. Other important Moroccan authors include, Abdellatif Laabi, Abdelkrim Ghallab, Fouad Laroui, Mohammed Berrada and Leila Abouzeid.
Orature (oral literature) is an integral part of Moroccan culture, be it in
Moroccan Arabic or Berber.
Music
Main article: Music of Morocco
Moroccan music is
of Arabic, Berber and sub-Saharan origins. Rock-influenced chaabi bands
are widespread, as is trance music with
historical origins in Islamic music.
Morocco is home to Andalusian classical music that is found throughout Northwest Africa. It probably evolved under the Moors in Cordoba, and the Persian-born musician Ziryab is usually credited with its invention. A genre known as Contemporary Andalusian Music and art is the brainchild of Morisco visual artist/composer/oudist Tarik Banzi, founder of the Al-Andalus Ensemble.
A group of Jilala musicians
in 1900
Aita is
a Bedouin musical
style sung in the countryside.
Chaabi ("popular")
is a music consisting of numerous varieties which are descended from the
multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in
markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting.
Popular Western
forms of music are becoming increasingly popular in Morocco, such as fusion,
rock, country, metal and,
in particular, hip hop.
Morocco
participated in the 1980
Eurovision Song Contest, where it finished
in the penultimate position.
Media
Main
articles: Media of Morocco and Cinema of Morocco
Cinema in Morocco
has a long history, stretching back over a century to the filming of Le
chevrier Marocain ("The Moroccan Goatherd") by Louis Lumière in
1897. Between that time and 1944, many foreign movies were shot in the country,
especially in the Ouarzazate area.
In 1944, the Moroccan Cinematographic Center (CCM), the nation's film regulatory agency,
was established. Studios were also opened in Rabat.
In 1952, Orson Welles' Othello won
the Palme d'Or at
the Cannes Film
Festival under the Moroccan flag.
However, the Festival's musicians did not play the Moroccan national
anthem, as no one in attendance knew what it was.[172] Six
years later, Mohammed Ousfour would create the first Moroccan movie, Le
fils maudit ("The Damned Son").
In 1968, the first
Mediterranean Film Festival was held in Tangier.
In its current incarnation, the event is held in Tetouan.
This was followed in 1982 with the first national festival of cinema, which was
held in Rabat. In 2001, the first International Film Festival of Marrakech (FIFM)
was also held in Marrakech.
Cuisine
Main article: Moroccan cuisine
Moroccan Couscous.
Moroccan cuisine is
considered as one of the most diversified cuisines in the world. This is a
result of the centuries-long interaction of Morocco with the outside world.[173] The
cuisine of Morocco is mainly a fusion of Moorish, European and Mediterranean
cuisines.
Spices are used
extensively in Moroccan cuisine. While spices have been imported to Morocco for
thousands of years, many ingredients such as saffron from Tiliouine, mint and olives from Meknes,
and oranges and lemons from Fez, are home-grown. Chicken is the most widely
eaten meat in Morocco. The most commonly eaten red meat in Morocco is
beef; lamb is
preferred but is relatively expensive. The main Moroccan dish most people are
familiar with is couscous,[174] the
old national delicacy.
Beef is the most
commonly eaten red meat in Morocco, usually eaten in a Tagine with
vegetables or legumes. Chicken is also very commonly used in Tagines, knowing
that one of the most famous tagine is the Tagine of Chicken, potatoes and
olives. Lamb is
also consumed, but as Northwest African sheep breeds store most of their fat in
their tails, Moroccan lamb does not have the pungent flavour that Western lamb and mutton have.
Poultry is also very common, and the use of seafood is increasing in Moroccan
food. In addition, there are dried salted meats and salted preserved meats such
as kliia/khlia[175] and
"g'did" which are used to flavor tagines or used in "el
ghraif" a folded savory Moroccan pancake.
Among the most famous
Moroccan dishes are Couscous, Pastilla (also
spelled Bsteeya or Bestilla), Tajine, Tanjia and Harira.
Although the latter is a soup,
it is considered as a dish in itself and is served as such or with dates especially
during the month of Ramadan.
Pork consumption is forbidden in accordance with Sharia,
religious laws of Islam.
A big part of the
daily meal is bread. Bread in Morocco is principally from durum wheat semolina
known as khobz.
Bakeries are very common throughout Morocco and fresh bread is a staple in
every city, town and village. The most common is whole grain coarse ground or
white flour bread. There are also a number of flat breads and pulled unleavened
pan-fried breads.
The most popular
drink is "atai", green tea with
mint leaves and other ingredients. Tea occupies a very important place in the
culture of Morocco and is considered an art form. It is served not only at
mealtimes but all through the day, and it is especially a drink of hospitality,
commonly served whenever there are guests. It is served to guests, and it is
impolite to refuse it.
Sport
Main article: Sport in Morocco
Moroccan football fans
Football is the
country's most popular sport, popular among the urban youth in particular. In
1986, Morocco became the first Arab and African country to qualify for the
second round of the FIFA World Cup.
Morocco was originally scheduled to host the 2015
Africa Cup of Nations,[176] but
refused to host the tournament on the scheduled dates because of fears over the
ebola outbreak on the continent.[177] Morocco
made five attempts to host the FIFA World Cup but lost five times to United
States, France, Germany, South Africa and Canada/Mexico/United States.
At the 1984 Olympic Games,
two Moroccans won gold medals in track and field. Nawal El Moutawakel won
in the 400 metres hurdles;
she was the first woman from an Arab or Islamic country to win an Olympic gold
medal. Saïd Aouita won
the 5000 metres at
the same games. Hicham El Guerrouj won
gold medals for Morocco at the 2004 Summer
Olympics in the 1500 metres and
5000 metres and holds several world
records in the mile run.
Spectator sports in
Morocco traditionally centered on the art of horsemanship until
European sports—football, polo, swimming,
and tennis—were
introduced at the end of the 19th century. Tennis and golf have
become popular.[citation
needed] Several
Moroccan professional players have competed in international competition, and
the country fielded its first Davis Cup team
in 1999. Rugby came
to Morocco in the early 20th century, mainly by the French who occupied the
country.[178] As
a result, Moroccan
rugby was tied to the fortunes of France, during the
first and second World War,
with many Moroccan players going away to fight.[178] Like
many other Maghreb nations,
Moroccan rugby tended to look to Europe for inspiration, rather than to the
rest of Africa.
Kickboxing is
also popular in Morocco.[citation
needed] The
Moroccan-Dutch Badr Hari,
heavyweight kickboxer and martial artist, is a former K-1 heavyweight champion
and K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist.[citation
needed]
Education
Main article: Education in Morocco
Al
Akhawayn University in Ifrane.
Education in
Morocco is free and compulsory through primary school. The estimated literacy rate
for the country in 2012 was 72%.[179] In
September 2006, UNESCO awarded Morocco amongst other countries such as Cuba, Pakistan, India and Turkey the
"UNESCO 2006 Literacy Prize".[180]
Morocco has more
than four
dozen universities, institutes of higher
learning, and polytechnics dispersed at urban centres throughout the country.
Its leading institutions include Mohammed
V University in Rabat, the country's largest
university, with branches in Casablanca and Fès; the Hassan II Agriculture and
Veterinary Institute in Rabat, which conducts leading social science research
in addition to its agricultural specialties; and Al-Akhawayn
University in Ifrane, the first
English-language university in Northwest Africa,[181] inaugurated
in 1995 with contributions from Saudi Arabia and the United States.
UIS Literacy Rate Morocco population above 15 years of
age 1980–2015
The al-Qarawiyin
University, founded by Fatima al-Fihri in
the city of Fez in 859 as a madrasa,[182] is
considered by some sources, including UNESCO,
to be the "oldest university of the world".[183] Morocco
has also some of prestigious postgraduate schools, including: l'Institut National des Postes et Télécommunication
(INPT), École Nationale Supérieure d'Électricité et de
Mecanique (ENSEM), EMI, ISCAE, INSEA, National
School of Mineral Industry, École
Hassania des Travaux Publics, Les Écoles
nationales de commerce et de gestion, École supérieure de technologie de
Casablanca.[184]
Health
and well-being
Main article: Health in Morocco
Many efforts are
made by countries around the world to address health issues and eradicate disease,
Morocco included. Child health, maternal health, and diseases are all
components of health and well-being. Morocco is a developing country that has
made many strides to improve these categories. However, Morocco still has many
health issues to improve on. According to research published, in 2005 only 16%
of citizens in Morocco had health insurance or coverage.[185] In
data from the World Bank, Morocco experiences high infant mortality rates at 20
deaths per 1,000 births (2017)[186] and
high maternal mortality rates at 121 deaths per 100,000 births (2015).[187]
The government of
Morocco sets up surveillance systems within the already existing healthcare
system to monitor and collect data. Mass education in hygiene is implemented in
primary education schools which are free for residents of Morocco. In 2005, The
government of Morocco approved two reforms to expand health insurance coverage.[185] The
first reform was a mandatory health insurance plan for public and private
sector employees to expand coverage from 16 percent of the population to 30
percent. The second reform created a fund to cover services for the poor. Both
reforms improved access to high-quality care. Infant mortality has improved
significantly since 1960 when there were 144 deaths per 1,000 live births, in
2000, 42 per 1,000 live births, and now it is 20 per 1,000 live births.[186] The
country's under-five mortality rate dropped by 60% between 1990 and 2011.
According to data
from the World Bank,[186] the
present mortality rate is still very high, over seven times higher than in
neighboring country Spain. In 2014, Morocco adopted a national plan to increase
progress on maternal and child health.[188] The
Moroccan Plan was started by the Moroccan Minister of Health, Dr. El Houssaine
Louardi, and Dr. Ala Alwan, WHO Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region, on 13 November 2013 in Rabat.[188] Morocco
has made significant progress in reducing deaths among both children and
mothers. Based on World Bank data, the nation's maternal mortality ratio fell
by 67% between 1990 and 2010.[187] In
2014, spending on healthcare accounted for 5.9% of the country's GDP.[189] Since
2014, spending on healthcare as part of the GDP has decreased. However, health
expenditure per capita (PPP) has steadily increased since 2000. In 2015, the
Moroccan health expenditure was $435.29 per capita.[190] In
2016 the life expectancy at birth was 74.3, or 73.3 for men and 75.4 for women,
and there were 6.3 physicians and 8.9 nurses and midwives per 10,000
inhabitants.[191] In
2017, Morocco ranked 16th out of 29 countries on the Global Youth Wellbeing
Index.[192] Moroccan
youths experience a lower self-harm rate than the global index by an average of
4 encounters per year.[192]
See
also
·
Index
of Morocco-related articles
Notes
1. ^ Jump up
to:a b French is
also used in official government documents and by the business community,
although it has no official status: "French (often the language of
business, government, and diplomacy)..." [1] –
See French
language in Morocco for further
information
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