Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia,[a] officially
the Republic of Tunisia,[b][18] is
a country in the Maghreb region
of North Africa,
covering 163,610 square kilometres (63,170 square miles). Its northernmost
point, Cape Angela,
is also the northernmost point on the African continent. Tunisia is bordered
by Algeria to
the west and southwest, Libya to
the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to
the north and east. Tunisia's population was 11.7 million in 2019.[12] Tunisia's
name is derived from its capital city, Tunis (Berber
native name: Tunest), which is located on its northeast coast.
Geographically,
Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains,
and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert.
Much of the rest of the country's land is fertile soil. Its 1,300 kilometres
(810 miles) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and
eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin.
Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative
democratic republic.
It has an association
agreement with the European Union;
is a member of La Francophonie,
the Union
for the Mediterranean, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,
the Arab Maghreb Union,
the Arab League,
the OIC,
the Greater
Arab Free Trade Area, the Community
of Sahel–Saharan States, the African Union,
the Non-Aligned
Movement, the Group of 77;
and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of
the United States. In addition, Tunisia is also a member
state of the United Nations and
a state party to
the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
Close relations with Europe, in particular with
France[19] and with
Italy,[20][21] have
been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation and
industrial modernization.
The overwhelming
majority of Tunisians are of Berber descent. Today, the ethnic identity of
Tunisians is the product of a centuries-long historical trajectory, with the
Tunisian nation today being a junction of the Amazigh and Punic substratum, as
well as Roman, Arab, Andalusian, Turkish, and French cultural and linguistic
input. In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration
began in the 12th century BC; these immigrants founded Carthage.
A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic,
Carthage was defeated by
the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800
years, introduced Christianity and
left architectural legacies like the amphitheatre
of El Jem. After several attempts starting
in 647, Muslims
conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697
and introduced Islam.
After a series of campaigns beginning in 1534 to conquer and colonize the region,
the Ottoman Empire established
control in 1574 and held sway for over 300 years afterwards. French
colonization of Tunisia occurred in
1881. Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and
declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted
in the overthrow of President Zine
El Abidine Ben Ali, followed by
parliamentary elections.
The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014,[22] and
for president on 23 November 2014.[23] As
a result, Tunisia is the only country in North Africa classified
as "Free" by the Freedom House organization[24] and
is also considered by The Economist's Democracy Index as
the only fully democratic state in the Arab World (Lebanon and Iraq being confessional
democracies).[25][26][27] It
has a high human
development index.[15]
Contents
·
2History
o
2.4French Tunisia (1881–1956)
o
2.5Post-independence (1956–2011)
o
2.6Post-revolution (since 2011)
·
5Economy
o
5.4Water supply and sanitation
·
7Culture
o
7.3Music
o
7.4Media
Etymology[edit]
See
also: Etymology of Tunis
The word Tunisia is
derived from Tunis;
a central urban hub and the capital of modern-day Tunisia. The present form of
the name, with its Latinate suffix -ia, evolved from French Tunisie,[28] in
turn generally associated with the Berber root
ⵜⵏⵙ, transcribed tns, which means "to lay down" or
"encampment".[29] It
is sometimes also associated with the Punic goddess Tanith (aka Tunit),[28][30] ancient
city of Tynes.[31][32]
The French
derivative Tunisie was
adopted in some European languages with slight modifications, introducing a
distinctive name to designate the country. Other languages remained untouched,
such as the Russian Туни́с (Tunís)
and Spanish Túnez.
In this case, the same name is used for both country and city, as with the
Arabic تونس, and only by context can one tell the difference.[28]
Before Tunisia, the
territory's name was Ifriqiya or Africa,
which gave the present-day name of the continent Africa.
History[edit]
Main
article: History
of Tunisia
Antiquity[edit]
Main
articles: Capsian culture and Ancient Carthage
Ruins
of Dougga's World Heritage Site
Farming methods
reached the Nile Valley from
the Fertile Crescent region
about 5000 BC, and spread to the Maghreb by
about 4000 BC. Agricultural communities in the humid coastal plains of central
Tunisia then were ancestors of today's Berber tribes.
It was believed in
ancient times that Africa was originally populated by Gaetulians and
Libyans, both nomadic peoples. According to the Roman historian Sallust,
the demigod Hercules died in Spain and his polyglot eastern army was left to
settle the land, with some migrating to
Africa. Persians went to the West and intermarried with the Gaetulians and
became the Numidians. The Medes settled and were known as Mauri, later Moors.[33]
Carthaginian-held
territory before the first First Punic War
The Numidians and
Moors belonged to the race from which the Berbers are descended. The translated
meaning of Numidian is Nomad and indeed the people were semi-nomadic until the
reign of Masinissa of
the Massyli tribe.[34][35][36]
At the beginning of
recorded history, Tunisia was inhabited by Berber tribes.
Its coast was settled by Phoenicians starting
as early as the 12th century BC (Bizerte, Utica).
The city of Carthage was
founded in the 9th century BC by Phoenicians. Legend says that Dido from
Tyre, now in modern-day Lebanon, founded the city in 814 BC, as retold by
the Greek writer Timaeus of
Tauromenium. The settlers of Carthage brought
their culture and religion from Phoenicia, now present-day Lebanon and
adjacent areas.[37]
After the series of
wars with Greek city-states of Sicily in the 5th century BC, Carthage rose to
power and eventually became the dominant civilization in the Western Mediterranean.
The people of Carthage worshipped a pantheon of Middle Eastern gods
including Baal and Tanit.
Tanit's symbol, a simple female figure with extended arms and long dress, is a
popular icon found in ancient sites. The founders of Carthage also established
a Tophet,
which was altered in Roman times.
A Carthaginian
invasion of Italy led by Hannibal during
the Second Punic War,
one of a series of wars with Rome,
nearly crippled the rise of Roman power. From the conclusion of the Second
Punic War in 202 BC, Carthage functioned as a client state of the Roman
Republic for another 50 years.[38]
Following the Battle
of Carthage which began in 149 BC
during the Third Punic War,
Carthage was conquered by Rome in 146 BC.[39] Following
its conquest, the Romans renamed Carthage to Africa,
incorporating it as a province.
Ruins
of Carthage
During the Roman
period, the area of what is now Tunisia enjoyed a huge development. The
economy, mainly during the Empire, boomed: the prosperity of the area depended
on agriculture. Called the Granary of the Empire, the area of
actual Tunisia and coastal Tripolitania,
according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year,
one-quarter of which was exported to the Empire. Additional crops included
beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits.
By the 2nd century,
olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivations
and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals from the western
mountains, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble,
wine, timber, livestock, pottery such as African Red Slip,
and wool.
The
Roman amphitheater in El Djem,
built during the first half of the 3rd century AD
There was even a
huge production of mosaics and ceramics, exported mainly to Italy, in the
central area of El Djem (where
there was the second biggest amphitheater in the Roman Empire).
Berber bishop Donatus Magnus was
the founder of a Christian group known as the Donatists.[40] During
the 5th and 6th centuries (from 430 to 533 AD), the Germanic Vandals invaded
and ruled over a kingdom in Northwest Africa that included present-day Tripoli.
The region was easily reconquered in 533–534 AD, during the rule of
Emperor Justinian I,
by the Eastern Romans led
by General Belisarius.[41]
Middle Ages[edit]
Main
article: History
of medieval Tunisia
Uqba ibn Nafi led
the Umayyad conquest of Tunisia in the late 7th century
Domes
of the Great Mosque of Kairouan.
Founded in 670, it dates in its present form largely from the Aghlabid period
(9th century). It is the oldest mosque in the Maghreb.
Sometime between the
second half of the 7th century and the early part of the 8th century, Arab Muslim
conquest occurred in the region.
They founded the first Islamic city in Northwest Africa, Kairouan.
It was there in 670 AD that the Mosque of Uqba,
or the Great Mosque of Kairouan, was constructed.[42] This
mosque is the oldest and most prestigious sanctuary in the Muslim West with the
oldest standing minaret in
the world;[43] it
is also considered a masterpiece of Islamic art and architecture.[44]
Tunis was taken in
695, re-taken by the Byzantine Eastern Romans in 697, but lost finally in 698.
The transition from a Latin-speaking Christian Berber society to a Muslim and
mostly Arabic-speaking society took over 400 years (the equivalent process in
Egypt and the Fertile Crescent took 600 years) and resulted in the final
disappearance of Christianity and Latin in the 12th or 13th centuries. The
majority of the population were not Muslim until quite late in the 9th century;
a vast majority were during the 10th. Also, some Tunisian Christians emigrated;
some richer members of society did so after the conquest in 698 and others were
welcomed by Norman rulers to Sicily or Italy in the 11th and 12th centuries –
the logical destination because of the 1200 year close connection between the
two regions.[45]
The Arab governors
of Tunis founded the Aghlabid dynasty,
which ruled Tunisia, Tripolitania and
eastern Algeria from 800 to 909.[46] Tunisia
flourished under Arab rule when extensive systems were constructed to supply
towns with water for household use and irrigation that promoted agriculture
(especially olive production).[46][47] This
prosperity permitted luxurious court life and was marked by the construction of
new palace cities such as al-Abassiya (809) and Raqadda (877).[46]
After
conquering Cairo,
the Fatimids abandoned
Tunisia and parts of Eastern Algeria to the local Zirids (972–1148).[48] Zirid
Tunisia flourished in many areas: agriculture, industry, trade, and religious
and secular learning.[49] Management
by the later Zirid emirs was
neglectful though, and political instability was connected to the decline of
Tunisian trade and agriculture.[46][50][51]
The depredation of
the Tunisian campaigns by the Banu Hilal,
a warlike Arab Bedouin tribe encouraged by the Fatimids of Egypt to seize
Northwest Africa, sent the region's rural and urban economic life into further
decline.[48] Consequently,
the region underwent rapid urbanisation as famines depopulated the countryside
and industry shifted from agriculture to manufactures.[52] The
Arab historian Ibn Khaldun wrote
that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid
desert.[50][53]
The main Tunisian
cities were conquered by the Normans of Sicily under
the Kingdom of Africa in
the 12th century, but following the conquest of Tunisia in 1159–1160 by
the Almohads the
Normans were evacuated to Sicily. Communities of Tunisian Christians would
still exist in Nefzaoua up
to the 14th century.[54] The
Almohads initially ruled over Tunisia through a governor, usually a near
relative of the Caliph. Despite the prestige of the new masters, the country
was still unruly, with continuous rioting and fighting between the townsfolk
and wandering Arabs and Turks, the latter being subjects of the Muslim Armenian
adventurer Karakush. Also, Tunisia was occupied by Ayyubids between
1182 and 1183 and again between 1184 and 1187.[55]
The greatest threat
to Almohad rule in Tunisia was the Banu Ghaniya,
relatives of the Almoravids,
who from their base in Mallorca tried
to restore Almoravid rule over the Maghreb. Around 1200 they succeeded in
extending their rule over the whole of Tunisia until they were crushed by
Almohad troops in 1207. After this success, the Almohads installed Walid Abu
Hafs as the governor of Tunisia. Tunisia remained part of the Almohad state,
until 1230 when the son of Abu Hafs declared himself independent. During the
reign of the Hafsid dynasty,
fruitful commercial relationships were established with several Christian
Mediterranean states.[56] In
the late 16th century the coast became a pirate stronghold.
Ottoman Tunisia[edit]
Main
article: Ottoman Tunisia
In the last years
of the Hafsid dynasty,
Spain seized many of the coastal cities, but these were recovered by the Ottoman Empire.
Conquest
of Tunis by Charles
V and liberation of Christian galley slaves in
1535
The first
Ottoman conquest of Tunis took place in
1534 under the command of Barbarossa
Hayreddin Pasha, the younger
brother of Oruç Reis, who was the Kapudan Pasha of
the Ottoman Fleet during
the reign of Suleiman
the Magnificent. However, it was
not until the final
Ottoman reconquest of Tunis from Spain in
1574 under Kapudan Pasha Uluç Ali Reis that
the Ottomans permanently acquired the former Hafsid
Tunisia, retaining it until the French
conquest of Tunisia in 1881.
Initially under Turkish
rule from Algiers, soon the Ottoman Porte appointed
directly for Tunis a
governor called the Pasha supported
by janissary forces.
Before long, however, Tunisia became in effect an autonomous province, under
the local Bey.
Under its Turkish governors,
the Beys,
Tunisia attained virtual independence. The Hussein dynasty of
Beys, established in 1705, lasted until 1957.[57] This
evolution of status was from time to time challenged without success by
Algiers. During this era the governing councils controlling Tunisia remained
largely composed of a foreign elite who continued to conduct state business in
the Turkish language.
Attacks on European
shipping were made by corsairs,
primarily from Algiers, but also from Tunis and Tripoli,
yet after a long period of declining raids the growing power of the European
states finally forced its termination. Under the Ottoman Empire, the boundaries
of Tunisia contracted; it lost territory to the west (Constantine)
and to the east (Tripoli).
Medina quarter of
Tunis, 1899
The plague
epidemics ravaged Tunisia in
1784–1785, 1796–1797 and 1818–1820.[58]
In the 19th
century, the rulers of Tunisia became aware of the ongoing efforts at political
and social reform in the Ottoman capital.
The Bey of Tunis then, by his own lights but informed by the Turkish example,
attempted to effect a modernizing reform of institutions and the economy.[59] Tunisian
international debt grew unmanageable. This was the reason or pretext for French
forces to establish a protectorate in
1881.
French Tunisia (1881–1956)[edit]
Main
article: French
protectorate of Tunisia
British
tank moves through Tunis during the liberation, 8 May 1943
In 1869, Tunisia
declared itself bankrupt and an international financial commission took control
over its economy. In 1881, using the pretext of a Tunisian incursion into Algeria,
the French invaded with an army of about 36,000 and forced the Bey to agree to
the terms of the 1881 Treaty of Bardo (Al
Qasr as Sa'id).[60] With
this treaty, Tunisia was officially made a French
protectorate, over the objections of Italy.
Under French colonization, European settlements in the country were actively
encouraged; the number of French colonists
grew from 34,000 in 1906 to 144,000 in 1945. In 1910 there were 105,000 Italians in Tunisia.[61]
During World War
II, French Tunisia was ruled by the collaborationist Vichy government
located in Metropolitan France. The antisemitic Statute
on Jews enacted by the Vichy was
also implemented in Vichy Northwest Africa and overseas French territories.
Thus, the persecution, and murder of the Jews from 1940 to 1943 was part of
the Shoah in
France.
From November 1942
until May 1943, Vichy Tunisia was occupied by Nazi Germany. SS Commander Walter Rauff continued
to implement the Final Solution there. From 1942–1943, Tunisia was the scene of
the Tunisia Campaign,
a series of battles between the Axis and Allied forces.
The battle opened with initial success by the German and Italian forces, but
the massive supply and numerical superiority of the Allies led to the Axis surrender on
13 May 1943.[62][63]
Post-independence (1956–2011)[edit]
Main
article: History
of modern Tunisia
Tunisia achieved independence
from France on 20 March 1956 with Habib Bourguiba as
Prime Minister.[64] 20
March is celebrated annually as Tunisian Independence Day.[65] A
year later, Tunisia was declared a republic, with Bourguiba as the
first President.[66] From
independence in 1956 until the 2011 revolution, the government and the Constitutional
Democratic Rally (RCD),
formerly Neo Destour and
the Socialist
Destourian Party, were effectively
one. Following a report by Amnesty
International, The Guardian called
Tunisia "one of the most modern but repressive countries in the Arab
world".[67]
In November 1987,
doctors[68] declared
Bourguiba unfit to rule and, in a bloodless coup d'état, Prime Minister Zine
El Abidine Ben Ali assumed the
presidency[66] in
accordance with Article 57 of the Tunisian
constitution.[69] The
anniversary of Ben Ali's succession, 7 November, was celebrated as a national
holiday. He was consistently re-elected with enormous majorities every five
years (well over 80 percent of the vote), the last being 25 October 2009,[70] until
he fled the country amid popular unrest in January 2011.
Ben Ali and his
family were accused of corruption[71] and
plundering the country's money. Economic liberalisation provided further
opportunities for financial mismanagement,[72] while
corrupt members of the Trabelsi family, most notably in the cases of Imed Trabelsi and Belhassen Trabelsi,
controlled much of the business sector in the country.[73] The
First Lady Leila Ben Ali was
described as an "unabashed shopaholic"
who used the state airplane to make frequent unofficial trips to Europe's
fashion capitals.[74] Tunisia
refused a French request for the extradition of two of the President's nephews,
from Leila's side, who were accused by the French State prosecutor of having
stolen two mega-yachts from a French marina.[75] Ben
Ali's son-in-law Sakher El Materi was
rumoured as being primed to eventually take over the country.[76]
Independent human
rights groups, such as Amnesty
International, Freedom House,
and Protection International, documented that basic human and political rights
were not respected.[77][78] The
regime obstructed in any way possible the work of local human rights
organizations.[79] In
2008, in terms of Press freedom,
Tunisia was ranked 143rd out of 173.[80]
Post-revolution (since 2011)[edit]
See
also: Tunisian
Revolution
Tunis
on 14 January 2011 during the Tunisian Revolution
The Tunisian
Revolution[81][82] was
an intensive campaign of civil resistance that
was precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption,[83] a
lack of freedom of speech and
other political freedoms[84] and
poor living conditions.
Labour unions were said to be an integral part of the protests.[85] The
protests inspired the Arab Spring,
a wave of similar actions throughout the Arab world.
The catalyst for
mass demonstrations was the death of Mohamed Bouazizi,
a 26-year-old Tunisian street vendor, who set himself afire on 17 December 2010
in protest at the confiscation of his wares and the humiliation inflicted on
him by a municipal official named Faida Hamdy.
Anger and violence intensified following Bouazizi's death on 4 January 2011,
ultimately leading longtime President Zine
El Abidine Ben Ali to resign and
flee the country on 14 January 2011, after 23 years in power.[86]
Protests continued
for banning of the ruling party and the eviction of all its members from the
transitional government formed by Mohammed Ghannouchi.
Eventually the new government gave in to the demands. A Tunis court banned the
ex-ruling party RCD and confiscated all its resources. A decree by the minister
of the interior banned the "political police", special forces which
were used to intimidate and persecute political activists.[87]
On 3 March 2011,
the interim president announced that elections to a Constituent Assembly would
be held on 24 July 2011.[88] On
9 June 2011, the prime minister announced the election would be postponed until
23 October 2011.[89] International
and internal observers declared the vote free and fair. The Ennahda Movement,
formerly banned under the Ben Ali regime, came out of the election as the
largest party, with 89 seats out of a total of 217.[90] On
12 December 2011, former dissident and veteran human rights activist Moncef Marzouki was
elected president.[91]
In March 2012,
Ennahda declared it will not support making sharia the main source of
legislation in the new constitution, maintaining the secular nature of the
state. Ennahda's stance on the issue was criticized by hardline Islamists, who
wanted strict sharia, but was welcomed by secular parties.[92] On
6 February 2013, Chokri Belaid,
the leader of the leftist opposition and prominent critic of Ennahda, was
assassinated.[93]
In 2014,
President Moncef Marzouki established
Tunisia's Truth
and Dignity Commission, as a key part of
creating a national reconciliation.[94]
Tunisia was hit by
two terror attacks on foreign tourists in 2015, first
killing 22 people at the Bardo
National Museum, and later killing 38
people at the Sousse beachfront.
Tunisian president Beji Caid Essebsi renewed
the state of emergency in October for three more months.[95]
The Tunisian
National Dialogue Quartet won the
2015 Nobel Peace Prize for
its work in building a peaceful, pluralistic political order in Tunisia.[96]
Geography[edit]
Main
article: Geography
of Tunisia
Köppen
climate classification in Tunisia.
The climate is Mediterranean towards the coast in the north, while most of the
country is desert.
View
of the central Tunisian plateau at Téboursouk
Tunisia is situated
on the Mediterranean coast
of Northwest Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Nile Delta.
It is bordered by Algeria on
the west and southwest and Libya on
the south east. It lies between latitudes 30° and 38°N,
and longitudes 7° and 12°E.
An abrupt southward turn of the Mediterranean coast in northern Tunisia gives
the country two distinctive Mediterranean coasts, west–east in the north, and
north–south in the east.
Though it is
relatively small in size, Tunisia has great environmental diversity due to its
north–south extent. Its east–west extent is limited. Differences in Tunisia,
like the rest of the Maghreb, are largely north–south environmental differences
defined by sharply decreasing rainfall southward from any point. The Dorsal, the
eastern extension of the Atlas Mountains, runs across Tunisia in a
northeasterly direction from the Algerian border in the west to the Cape Bon
peninsula in the east. North of the Dorsal is the Tell, a region characterized
by low, rolling hills and plains, again an extension of mountains to the west
in Algeria. In the Khroumerie,
the northwestern corner of the Tunisian Tell, elevations reach 1,050 metres
(3,440 ft) and snow occurs in winter.
The Sahel,
a broadening coastal plain along Tunisia's eastern Mediterranean coast, is
among the world's premier areas of olive cultivation. Inland from the Sahel,
between the Dorsal and a range of hills south of Gafsa, are the Steppes.
Much of the southern region is semi-arid and desert.
Tunisia has a
coastline 1,148 kilometres (713 mi) long. In maritime terms, the country
claims a contiguous zone of 24 nautical miles (44.4 km;
27.6 mi), and a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles (22.2 km;
13.8 mi).[97]
Climate[edit]
Tunisia's climate
is Mediterranean in
the north, with mild rainy winters and hot, dry summers.[98] The
south of the country is desert. The terrain in the north is mountainous, which,
moving south, gives way to a hot, dry central plain.
The south is semiarid,
and merges into the Sahara.
A series of salt lakes,
known as chotts or shatts, lie in an east–west
line at the northern edge of the Sahara, extending from the Gulf of Gabes into Algeria.
The lowest point is Chott el Djerid at
17 metres (56 ft) below sea level and the highest is Jebel ech Chambi at
1,544 metres (5,066 ft).[99]
|
hideClimate data for Tunisia in
general |
||||||||||||||
|
Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
|
|
Average high °C (°F) |
14.7 |
15.7 |
17.6 |
20.3 |
24.4 |
28.9 |
32.4 |
32.3 |
29.2 |
24.6 |
19.6 |
15.8 |
23.0 |
|
|
Average low °C (°F) |
6.4 |
6.5 |
8.2 |
10.4 |
13.8 |
17.7 |
20.1 |
20.7 |
19 |
15.2 |
10.7 |
7.5 |
13.0 |
|
|
Average rainfall mm (inches) |
50.5 |
45.3 |
43.4 |
35.5 |
21 |
10.8 |
3.7 |
8.8 |
10.5 |
38.6 |
46.4 |
56.4 |
370.9 |
|
|
Source: Weatherbase[100] |
||||||||||||||
Politics[edit]
Main
article: Politics
of Tunisia
Tunisia is a representative
democracy and a republic with
a president serving
as head of state,
a prime minister as head of government,
a unicameral parliament,
and a civil
law court system. The Constitution
of Tunisia, adopted 26 January 2014,
guarantees rights for women and states that the President's religion
"shall be Islam". In October 2014 Tunisia held its first elections
under the new constitution following the Arab Spring.[101] Tunisia
(#69 worldwide) is the only democracy in North Africa.[102]
The number of
legalized political
parties in Tunisia has grown
considerably since the revolution. There are now over 100 legal parties,
including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben
Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL,
and Tajdid.
While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party
structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small.[103]
Rare for the Arab
world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution
bicameral parliament.[104] In
the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31% of all seats.[105][106]
Tunisia is included
in the European Union's European
Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which
aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. On 23 November 2014 Tunisia
held its first Presidential Election following the Arab Spring in 2011.[107]
The Tunisian legal
system is heavily influenced by French civil law,
while the Law of Personal Status is based on Islamic law.[108] Sharia courts
were abolished in 1956.[108]
A Code
of Personal Status was adopted
shortly after independence in 1956, which, among other things, gave women full
legal status (allowing them to run and own businesses, have bank accounts, and
seek passports under their own authority). The code outlawed the practices of
polygamy and repudiation and a husband's right to unilaterally divorce his
wife.[109] Further
reforms in 1993 included a provision to allow Tunisian women to transmit
citizenship even if they are married to a foreigner and living abroad.[110] The
Law of Personal Status is applied to all Tunisians regardless of their
religion.[108] The
Code of Personal Status remains one of the most progressive civil codes in
North Africa and the Muslim world.[111]
Human rights[edit]
Main
article: Human
rights in Tunisia
After the
revolution, a number of Salafist groups
emerged and in some occasions have violently repressed artistic expression that
is viewed to be hostile to Islam.[112]
Since the
revolution, some non-governmental organizations have reconstituted themselves
and hundreds of new ones have emerged. For instance, the Tunisian
Human Rights League, the first human
rights organization in Africa and the Arab world, operated under restrictions
and state intrusion for over half of its existence, but is now free to operate.
Some independent organizations, such as the Tunisian Association of Democratic
Women, the Association of Tunisian Women for Research and Development, and
the Bar Association also
remain active.[103]
Homosexuality is
illegal in Tunisia and can be punished by up to three years in prison.[113] On
7 December 2016, two Tunisian men were arrested on suspicion of homosexual
activity in Sousse.[114] According
to 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center,
94% of Tunisians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.[115]
The Tunisian regime
has been criticised[by whom?] for
its policy on recreational drug use, for instance automatic 1-year prison
sentences for consuming cannabis. Prisons are crowded and drug offenders
represent nearly a third of the prison population.[116]
In 2017, Tunisia
became the first Arab country to
outlaw domestic violence against
women, which was previously not a crime.[117] Also,
the law allowing rapists to escape punishment by marrying the victim was
abolished.[117] According
to Human Rights Watch,
47% of Tunisian women have been subject to domestic violence.[118][119]
Military[edit]
Main
article: Tunisian
Armed Forces
Soldiers
of the Tunisian Armed Forces
As of 2008, Tunisia
had an army of 27,000 personnel equipped with 84 main battle tanks and 48 light
tanks. The navy had 4,800 personnel operating 25 patrol boats and 6 other
craft. The Tunisian Air Force has
154 aircraft and 4 UAVs. Paramilitary forces consisted of a 12,000-member
national guard.[120] Tunisia's
military spending was 1.6% of GDP as of 2006. The army is responsible for
national defence and also internal security. Tunisia has participated in
peacekeeping efforts in the DROC and Ethiopia/Eritrea.[121] United Nations peacekeeping
deployments for the Tunisian armed forces have been in Cambodia (UNTAC),
Namibia (UNTAG),
Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Western Sahara (MINURSO)
and the 1960s mission in the Congo, ONUC.
The military has
historically played a professional, apolitical role in defending the country
from external threats. Since January 2011 and at the direction of the executive
branch, the military has taken on increasing responsibility for domestic
security and humanitarian crisis response.[103]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Main
articles: Governorates
of Tunisia and Delegations
of Tunisia
Tunisia is
subdivided into 24 governorates (Wilaya),
which are further divided into 264 "delegations"
or "districts"
(mutamadiyat), and further subdivided into municipalities (baladiyats)[122] and
sectors (imadats).[123]
Economy[edit]
Main
article: Economy
of Tunisia
A
proportional representation of Tunisia's exports in 2012.
Tunisia is an
export-oriented country in the process of liberalizing and privatizing an
economy that, while averaging 5% GDP growth since the early 1990s, has suffered
from corruption benefiting politically connected elites.[124] Tunisia's
Penal Code criminalises several forms of corruption, including active and
passive bribery, abuse of office, extortion and conflicts of interest, but the
anti-corruption framework is not effectively enforced.[125] However,
according to the Corruption
Perceptions Index published
annually by Transparency
International, Tunisia was
ranked the least corrupt North-African-country in
2016, with a score of 41. Tunisia has a diverse economy, ranging from
agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and petroleum products, to tourism.
In 2008 it had a GDP of
US$41 billion (official exchange rates),
or $82 billion (purchasing power parity).[8]
The agricultural
sector accounts for 11.6% of the GDP, industry 25.7%, and services 62.8%. The
industrial sector is mainly made up of clothing and footwear manufacturing,
production of car parts, and electric machinery. Although Tunisia managed an
average 5% growth over the last decade it continues to suffer from a high
unemployment especially among youth.
Tunisia was in 2009
ranked the most competitive economy in Africa and the 40th in the world by
the World Economic
Forum.[126] Tunisia
has managed to attract many international companies such as Airbus[127] and Hewlett-Packard.[128]
Tourism accounted
for 7% of GDP and 370,000 jobs in 2009.[129]
The European Union remains
Tunisia's first trading partner, currently accounting for 72.5% of Tunisian
imports and 75% of Tunisian exports. Tunisia is one of the European Union's
most established trading partners in the Mediterranean region and
ranks as the EU's 30th largest trading partner. Tunisia was the first
Mediterranean country to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union,
in July 1995, although even before the date of entry came into force, Tunisia
started dismantling tariffs on bilateral EU trade. Tunisia finalised the
tariffs dismantling for industrial products in 2008 and therefore was the first
non-EU Mediterranean country to enter in a free trade area with EU.[130]
Tunis Sports City is
an entire sports city currently being constructed in Tunis, Tunisia. The city
that will consist of apartment buildings as well as several sports facilities
will be built by the Bukhatir Group at a cost of $5 Billion.[131] The
Tunis Financial harbour will deliver North Africa's first offshore
financial centre at Tunis Bay
in a project with an end development value of US$3 billion.[132] The
Tunis Telecom City is a US$3 billion project to create an IT hub in Tunis.[133]
Tunisia Economic
City is a city being constructed near Tunis in Enfidha.
The city will consist of residential, medical, financial, industrial,
entertainment and touristic buildings as well as a port zone for a total cost
of US$80 Billion. The project is financed by Tunisian and foreign enterprises.[134]
On 29 and 30
November 2016, Tunisia held an investment conference Tunisia2020 to attract $30
billion in investment projects.[135]
Days before
Tunisia's 2019 parliamentary elections, the nation finds itself struggling with
a sluggish economy. The Arab world's only democratic state fought hard against
the dictatorial regime of president Zine
El Abidine Ben Ali during
the Arab Spring.
Nevertheless, Tunisia could not accomplish anything more than freedom and democracy.
It still finds itself hanging between inflation and unemployment while looking
up to the 6 October elections with hope of a reform.[136]
Tourism[edit]
Main
article: Tourism
in Tunisia
Sidi Bou Said:
a major tourist destination
The
front of the capitol at ruins of Dougga, another tourist destination, qualified
as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in
1997.
Among Tunisia's
tourist attractions are its cosmopolitan capital city of Tunis, the ancient
ruins of Carthage, the Muslim and Jewish quarters of Jerba, and coastal resorts
outside of Monastir. According to The New York Times, Tunisia is "known
for its golden beaches, sunny weather and affordable luxuries".[137]
Energy[edit]
Main
article: Energy
sector in Tunisia
Sources of electricity production in Tunisia[138]
Thermal
steam (44%)
Combined
cycle (43%)
Gas
turbine (11%)
Wind,
hydroelectric, solar (2%)
The majority of the
electricity used in Tunisia is produced locally, by state-owned company STEG
(Société Tunisienne de l'Electricité et du Gaz). In 2008, a total of
13,747 GWh was
produced in the country.[139]
Oil production of
Tunisia is about 97,600 barrels per day (15,520 m3/d). The main
field is El Bourma.[140]
Oil production
began in 1966 in Tunisia. Currently there are 12 oil fields.[141]
Tunisia had plans
for two nuclear power stations, to be operational
by 2020. Both facilities are projected to produce 900–1000 MW. France is set to
become an important partner in Tunisia's nuclear power plans, having signed an
agreement, along with other partners, to deliver training and technology.[142][143] As
of 2015, Tunisia has abandoned these plans. Instead, Tunisia is considering
other options to diversify its energy mix, such as renewable energies, coal,
shale gas, liquified natural gas and constructing a submarine power
interconnection with Italy.[144]
According to the
Tunisian Solar Plan (which is Tunisia's Renewable Energy Strategy not limited
to solar, contrary to what its title may suggest, proposed by the National
Agency for Energy Conservation), Tunisia's
objective is to reach a share of 30% of renewable energies in the electricity
mix by 2030, most of which should be accounted for by wind power and
photovoltaics.[145] As
of 2015, Tunisia had a total renewable capacity of 312 MW (245 MW wind, 62 MW
hydropower, 15 MW photovoltaics.)[146][147]
Transport[edit]
Main
article: Transport
in Tunisia
The country
maintains 19,232 kilometres (11,950 mi) of roads,[8] with
three highways: the A1 from
Tunis to Sfax (works ongoing for Sfax-Libya), A3 Tunis-Beja
(works ongoing Beja – Boussalem, studies ongoing Boussalem – Algeria) and A4 Tunis
– Bizerte. There are 29 airports in Tunisia, with Tunis
Carthage International Airport and Djerba–Zarzis
International Airport being the
most important ones. A new airport, Enfidha – Hammamet International Airport opened
in 2011. The airport is located north of Sousse at Enfidha and is to mainly
serve the resorts of Hamammet and Port El Kantaoui, together with inland cities
such as Kairouan. Five airlines are headquartered in Tunisia: Tunisair, Syphax
airlines, Karthago Airlines, Nouvelair,
and Tunisair Express.
The railway network is operated by SNCFT and
amounts to 2,135 kilometres (1,327 mi) in total.[8] The
Tunis area is served by a Light rail network
named Metro Leger which is managed by Transtu.
Water supply and sanitation[edit]
Main
article: Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia
Tunisia has
achieved the highest access rates to water supply and sanitation services in
the Middle East and North Africa. As of 2011, access to safe drinking water
became close to universal approaching 100% in urban areas and 90% in rural
areas.[148] Tunisia
provides good quality drinking water throughout the year.[149]
Responsibility for
the water supply systems in urban areas and large rural centres is assigned to
the Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux (SONEDE),
a national water supply authority that is an autonomous public entity under the
Ministry of Agriculture. Planning, design and supervision of small and medium
water supplies in the remaining rural areas are the responsibility of the Direction
Générale du Génie Rurale (DGGR).
In 1974, ONAS was
established to manage the sanitation sector. Since 1993, ONAS has had the
status of a main operator for protection of water environment and combating
pollution.
The rate of
non-revenue water is the lowest in the region at 21% in 2012.[150]
Demographics[edit]
Main
articles: Tunisian people and Demographics
of Tunisia
Population
pyramid
Arabs
leaving mosque in Tunis c. 1899
Tunisian
students
According to the
CIA, as of 2017, Tunisia has a population of 11,403,800 inhabitants.[8] The
government has supported a successful family planning program
that has reduced the population growth rate to just over 1% per annum,
contributing to Tunisia's economic and social stability.[103]
Ethnic groups[edit]
According to CIA The World Factbook, ethnic groups in
Tunisia are: Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%.[8]
According to the
1956 Tunisian census, Tunisia had a population at the time of 3,783,000
residents, of which mainly Berbers and Arabs.
The proportion of speakers of Berber dialects was
at 2% of the population.[151] According
to another source the population of Arabs is estimated to be <40%[152] to
98%,[8][153][154] and
that of Berbers at 1%[155] to
over 60%.[152]
Amazighs are
concentrated in the Dahar mountains and on the island of Djerba in
the south-east and in the Khroumire mountainous
region in the north-west. That said, an important number of genetic and other
historical studies point out to the predominance of the Amazighs in Tunisia.[156]
An Ottoman influence
has been particularly significant in forming the Turco-Tunisian community.
Other peoples have also migrated to Tunisia during different periods of time,
including West Africans, Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians (Punics), Jews,
and French settlers.[157] By
1870 the distinction between the Arabic-speaking mass and the Turkish elite had
blurred.[158]
From the late 19th
century to after World War II, Tunisia was home to large populations of French and Italians (255,000 Europeans in
1956),[159] although
nearly all of them, along with the Jewish population, left after Tunisia became
independent. The history
of the Jews in Tunisia goes back
some 2,000 years. In 1948 the Jewish population was an estimated 105,000, but
by 2013 only about 900 remained.[160]
The first people
known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers.
Numerous civilizations and peoples have invaded, migrated to, or have been
assimilated into the population over the millennia, with influences of
population from Phoenicians/Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Spaniards, Ottoman Turks and Janissaries,
and French.
There was a continuing inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from Arabia.[48]
After the Reconquista and
expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from
Spain, many Spanish Muslims and
Jews also arrived. According to Matthew Carr, "As many as eighty thousand
Moriscos settled in Tunisia, most of them in and around the capital, Tunis,
which still contains a quarter known as Zuqaq al-Andalus, or Andalusia
Alley."[161]
Languages[edit]
Main
article: Languages
of Tunisia
Mounir
speaking Tunisian Arabic, recorded for Wikitongues.
Arabic is
the official language,
and Tunisian Arabic,
known as Tounsi,[162] is
the national, vernacular variety of Arabic and
is used by the public.[163] There
is also a small minority of speakers of Berber languages known
collectively as Jebbali or Shelha.[164][165]
French also
plays a major role in Tunisian society, despite having no official status. It
is widely used in education (e.g., as the language of instruction in the
sciences in secondary school), the press, and business. In 2010, there were
6,639,000 French-speakers in Tunisia, or about 64% of the population.[166] Italian is
understood and spoken by a small part of the Tunisian population.[167] Shop
signs, menus and road signs in Tunisia are generally written in both Arabic and
French.[168]
Major cities[edit]
|
·
v ·
t ·
e Largest cities or towns in Tunisia According to the 2014 Census[169] |
|
||||||||||
|
Rank |
Pop. |
|||||||||
|
1 |
1,066,961 |
|||||||||
|
2 |
330,440 |
|||||||||
|
3 |
271.428 |
|||||||||
|
4 |
196,298 |
|||||||||
|
5 |
186,653 |
|||||||||
|
6 |
152,921 |
|||||||||
|
7 |
142,966 |
|||||||||
|
8 |
129,693 |
|||||||||
|
9 |
114,486 |
|||||||||
|
10 |
113,776 |
|||||||||
Religion[edit]
|
Tunisia Religions |
||
|
Islam |
|
98% |
|
other/unknown |
|
2% |
Main
article: Religion
in Tunisia
Al-Zaytuna Mosque in
Tunis.
The majority of
Tunisia's population (around 98%) are Muslims while
about 2% follow Christianity and Judaism or
other religions.[8] The
bulk of Tunisians belong to the Maliki School of Sunni Islam and
their mosques are
easily recognizable by square minarets. However, the Turks brought
with them the teaching of the Hanafi School during
the Ottoman rule,
which still survives among the Turkish descended families today,
and their mosques traditionally have octagonal minarets.[170] Sunnis
form the majority with non-denominational
Muslims being the second largest
group of Muslims,[171] followed
by Ibadite Amazighs.[172][173]
Tunisia has a
sizable Christian community
of around over 35,000 adherents,[174][175] mainly Catholics (22,000)
and to a lesser degree Protestants.
Berber Christians continued to live in some Nefzaoua villages
up until the early 15th century[176] and
the community of Tunisian
Christians existed in the town
of Tozeur up
to the 18th century.[54] International
Religious Freedom Report for 2007 estimates thousands of Tunisian Muslims
have converted
to Christianity.[177][178] Judaism is
the country's third largest religion with 900 members. One-third of the Jewish
population lives in and around the capital. The remainder lives on the island
of Djerba with 39 synagogues where the Jewish community dates back 2,600 years,[179] in
Sfax, and in Hammam-Lif.[180]
Djerba,
an island in the Gulf of Gabès,
is home to El Ghriba synagogue,
which is one of the oldest
synagogues in the world and the
oldest uninterruptedly used. Many Jews consider it a pilgrimage site, with celebrations
taking place there once every year due to its age and the legend that the
synagogue was built using stones from Solomon's temple.[181] In
fact, Tunisia along with Morocco has
been said to be the Arab countries most accepting of their Jewish populations.[182]
The constitution
declares Islam as
the official state religion and
requires the President to be Muslim.
Aside from the president, Tunisians enjoy a significant degree of religious
freedom, a right enshrined and protected in its constitution, which guarantees
the freedom of thoughts, beliefs and to practice one's religion.[180]
The country has a
secular culture where religion is separated from not only political, but in
public life. During the pre-revolution era there were at some point
restrictions in the wearing of Islamic head scarves (hijab)
in government offices and on public streets and public gatherings. The
government believed the hijab is a "garment of foreign origin having a
partisan connotation". There were reports that the Tunisian police
harassed men with "Islamic" appearance (such as those with beards),
detained them, and sometimes compelled men to shave their beards off.[183]
In 2006, the former
Tunisian president declared that he would "fight" the hijab, which he
refers to as "ethnic clothing".[184] Mosques
were restricted from holding communal prayers or classes. After the revolution
however, a moderate Islamist government was elected leading to more freedom in
the practice of religion. It has also made room for the rise of fundamentalist
groups such as the Salafists,
who call for a strict interpretation of Sharia law.[185] The
fall in favour of the moderate Islamist government of Ennahdha was partly due
to that, modern Tunisian governments intelligence objectives are to suppress
fundamentalist groups before they can act.
Individual
Tunisians are tolerant of religious freedom and generally do not inquire about
a person's personal beliefs.[180] Those
who violate the rules of work and eating during the Islamic month of Ramadan
may be arrested and jailed.[186]
In 2017 a handful
of men were arrested for eating in public during Ramadan; they were convicted
of committing "a provocative act of public indecency" and sentenced
to month-long jail sentences. The state in Tunisia has a role as a
"guardian of religion" which was used to justify the arrests.[187]
Education[edit]
Main
article: Education
in Tunisia
Sadiki College in Tunis.
Literacy
rate of Tunisia population, plus 15, 1985–2015 by UNESCO Institute of
Statistics
The total adult
literacy rate in 2008 was 78%[188] and
this rate goes up to 97.3% when considering only people from 15 to 24 years
old.[189] Education
is given a high priority and accounts for 6% of GNP.
A basic education for children between the ages of 6 and 16 has been compulsory
since 1991. Tunisia ranked 17th in the category of "quality of the
[higher] educational system" and 21st in the category of "quality of
primary education" in The
Global Competitiveness Report 2008–9,
released by The World Economic Forum.[190]
While children
generally acquire Tunisian Arabic at
home, when they enter school at age 6, they are taught to read and write
in Standard Arabic.
From the age of 7, they are taught French while English is introduced at the
age of 8.
The four years of
secondary education are open to all holders of Diplôme de Fin d'Etudes de
l'Enseignement de Base where the students focus on entering university level or
join the workforce after completion. The Enseignement secondaire is divided
into two stages: general academic and specialized. The higher education system
in Tunisia has experienced a rapid expansion and the number of students has
more than tripled over the past 10 years from approximately 102,000 in 1995 to
365,000 in 2005. The gross enrollment rate at the tertiary level in 2007 was 31
percent, with gender parity index of GER of 1.5.[190]
Health[edit]
Main
article: Health in Tunisia
In 2010, spending
on healthcare accounted for 3.37% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were
12.02 physicians and 33.12 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.[191] The
life expectancy at birth was 75.73 years in 2016, or 73.72 years for males and
77.78 years for females.[192] Infant
mortality in 2016 was 11.7 per 1,000.[193]
Culture[edit]
Main
article: Culture
of Tunisia
City
of Culture in Tunis
The culture of
Tunisia is mixed due to its long established history of outside influence from
people ‒ such as Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks,
Italians, Spaniards, and the French ‒ who all left their mark on the country.
Painting[edit]
Tunisian
painting
The birth of
Tunisian contemporary painting is strongly linked to the School of Tunis,
established by a group of artists from Tunisia united by the desire to
incorporate native themes and rejecting the influence of Orientalist colonial
painting. It was founded in 1949 and brings together French and Tunisian
Muslims, Christians and Jews. Pierre Boucherle was its main instigator, along
with Yahia Turki, Abdelaziz Gorgi, Moses Levy,
Ammar Farhat, and Jules Lellouche. Given its doctrine, some members have
therefore turned to the sources of aesthetic Arab-Muslim art: such as miniature
Islamic architecture, etc. Expressionist paintings by Amara Debbache, Jellal
Ben Abdallah, and Ali Ben Salem are recognized while abstract art captures the
imagination of painters like Edgar Naccache, Nello Levy, and Hedi Turki.[194]
After independence
in 1956, the art movement in Tunisia was propelled by the dynamics of nation
building and by artists serving the state. A Ministry of Culture was
established, under the leadership of ministers such as Habib Boularès who
oversaw art and education and power.[194] Artists
gained international recognition such as Hatem El Mekki or Zoubeir Turki and
influenced a generation of new young painters. Sadok Gmech draws his
inspiration from national wealth while Moncef Ben Amor turns to fantasy. In
another development, Youssef Rekik reused the technique of painting on glass
and founded Nja Mahdaoui calligraphy
with its mystical dimension.[194]
There are currently
fifty art galleries housing exhibitions of Tunisian and international artists.[195] These
galleries include Gallery Yahia in Tunis and Carthage Essaadi gallery.[195]
A new exposition
opened in an old monarchal palace in Bardo dubbed the "awakening of a
nation". The exposition boasts documents and artifacts from the Tunisian
reformist monarchal rule in mid 19th century.[196]
Literature[edit]
Main
article: Tunisian
literature
Abdelwahab Meddeb,
a Tunisian French-language poet and novelist.
Tunisian literature
exists in two forms: Arabic and French. Arabic literature dates back to the 7th
century with the arrival of Arab civilization in the region. It is more
important in both volume and value than French literature, introduced during
the French protectorate from 1881.[197]
Among the literary
figures include Ali Douagi,
who has produced more than 150 radio stories, over 500 poems and folk songs and
nearly 15 plays,[198] Khraief
Bashir, an Arabic novelist who published many notable books in the 1930s and
which caused a scandal because the dialogues were written in Tunisian dialect,[198] and
others such as Moncef Ghachem, Mohamed
Salah Ben Mrad, or Mahmoud Messadi.
As for poetry,
Tunisian poetry typically opts for nonconformity and innovation with poets such
as Aboul-Qacem Echebbi.
As for literature
in French, it is characterized by its critical approach. Contrary to the
pessimism of Albert Memmi,
who predicted that Tunisian literature was sentenced to die young,[199] a
high number of Tunisian writers are abroad including Abdelwahab Meddeb,
Bakri Tahar, Mustapha Tlili,
Hele Beji, or Mellah Fawzi. The themes of wandering, exile and heartbreak are
the focus of their creative writing.[citation
needed]
The national
bibliography lists 1249 non-school books
published in 2002 in Tunisia, with 885 titles in Arabic.[200] In
2006 this figure had increased to 1,500 and 1,700 in 2007.[201] Nearly
a third of the books are published for children.[202]
In 2014 Tunisian
American creative nonfiction scribe and translator Med-Ali Mekki who wrote many
books, not for publication but just for his own private reading translated the
new Constitution of the Tunisian Republic from Arabic to English for the first
time in Tunisian bibliographical history, the book was published worldwide the
following year and it was the Internet's most viewed and downloaded Tunisian
book.
Music[edit]
Main
article: Music of Tunisia
Rachidia
orchestra playing traditional music in Tunis Theater
At the beginning of
the 20th century, musical activity was dominated by the liturgical repertoire
associated with different religious brotherhoods and secular repertoire which
consisted of instrumental pieces and songs in different Andalusian forms and
styles of origins, essentially borrowing characteristics of musical language.
In 1930 "The Rachidia"
was founded well known thanks to artists from the Jewish community. The
founding in 1934 of a musical school helped revive Arab Andalusian music
largely to a social and cultural revival led by the elite of the time who
became aware of the risks of loss of the musical heritage and which they
believed threatened the foundations of Tunisian national identity. The institution
did not take long to assemble a group of musicians, poets, scholars. The
creation of Radio Tunis in 1938 allowed musicians a greater opportunity to
disseminate their works.[citation
needed]
Notable Tunisian
musicians include Saber Rebaï, Dhafer Youssef, Belgacem Bouguenna, Sonia M'barek, Latifa, Salah El Mahdi, Anouar Brahem, Emel Mathlouthi and Lotfi Bouchnak.
Media[edit]
Main
article: Media of Tunisia
The TV media has
long remained under the domination of the Establishment of the Broadcasting
Authority Tunisia (ERTT) and its predecessor, the Tunisian Radio and
Television, founded in 1957. On 7 November 2006, President Zine el-Abidine Ben
Ali announced the demerger of the business, which became effective on 31 August
2007. Until then, ERTT managed all public television stations (Télévision
Tunisienne 1 as well as Télévision
Tunisienne 2 which had replaced the defunct RTT 2) and four national radio
stations (Radio Tunis, Tunisia Radio Culture, Youth and Radio RTCI) and five
regional Sfax, Monastir, Gafsa, Le Kef and Tataouine. Most programs are in
Arabic but some are in French. Growth in private sector radio and television broadcasting
has seen the creation of numerous operations including Radio Mosaique FM,
Jawhara FM, Zaytuna FM, Hannibal TV,
Ettounsiya TV, and Nessma TV.[203][204]
In 2007, some 245
newspapers and magazines (compared to only 91 in 1987) are 90% owned by private
groups and independents.[205] The
Tunisian political parties have the right to publish their own newspapers, but
those of the opposition parties have very limited editions (like Al Mawkif or
Mouwatinoun). Before the recent democratic transition, although freedom of the
press was formally guaranteed by the constitution, almost all newspapers have
in practice followed the government line report. Critical approach to the
activities of the president, government and the Constitutional Democratic Rally
Party (then in power) were suppressed. In essence, the media was dominated by
state authorities through the Agence
Tunis Afrique Presse. This has changed
since, as the media censorship by the authorities have been largely abolished,
and self-censorship has significantly decreased.[206] Nonetheless,
the current regulatory framework and social and political culture mean that the
future of press and media freedom is still unclear.[206]
Sports[edit]
Main
article: Sport in Tunisia
Stade
Olympique de Radès in Radès.
Football is
the most popular sport in Tunisia. The Tunisia
national football team, also known as
"The Eagles of Carthage," won the 2004
African Cup of Nations (ACN),
which was held in Tunisia.[207][208] They
also represented Africa in the 2005
FIFA Cup of Confederations, which was held in
Germany, but they could not go beyond the first round.
The premier football
league is the "Tunisian
Ligue Professionnelle 1". The main
clubs are Espérance
Sportive de Tunis, Étoile
Sportive du Sahel, Club Africain, Club Sportif
Sfaxien, Union
Sportive Monastirienne, and ES Metlaoui.
The Tunisia
national handball team has
participated in several handball world championships. In 2005, Tunisia came
fourth. The national league consists of about 12 teams, with ES. Sahel and
Esperance S.Tunis dominating. The most famous Tunisian handball player is Wissem Hmam.
In the 2005
Handball Championship in Tunis, Wissem Hmam was
ranked as the top scorer of the tournament. The Tunisian national handball team
won the African Cup ten times, being the team dominating this competition. The
Tunisians won the 2018 African Cup in Gabon by defeating Egypt.[209]
Tunisia's
national basketball team has emerged
as a top side in Africa. The team won the 2011 Afrobasket and
hosted Africa's top basketball event in 1965, 1987 and 2015.
In boxing, Victor Perez ("Young")
was world champion in the flyweight weight class in 1931 and 1932.[210]
In the 2008 Summer
Olympics, Tunisian Oussama Mellouli won
a gold medal in 1500 meter freestyle.[211] In
the 2012 Summer
Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the
1500 meter freestyle and a gold medal in the Men's marathon swim at
a distance of 10 kilometers.
In 2012, Tunisia
participated for the seventh time in her history in the Summer
Paralympic Games. She finished the
competition with 19 medals; 9 golds, 5 silvers and 5 bronzes. Tunisia was
classified 14th on the Paralympics
medal table and 5th in Athletics.
Tunisia was
suspended from Davis Cup play
for the year 2014, because the Tunisian Tennis Federation was found to have
ordered Malek Jaziri not
to compete against an Israeli tennis player, Amir Weintraub.[212] ITF president Francesco
Ricci Bitti said: "There is no
room for prejudice of any kind in sport or in society. The ITF Board decided to
send a strong message to the Tunisian Tennis Federation that this kind of
action will not be tolerated."[212]
See
also[edit]
·
Index
of Tunisia-related articles
References[edit]
Notes
1.
^ Pronunciation: UK: /tjuːˈnɪziə, -ˈnɪs-/, US: /-ˈniːʒə, -ˈniːʃə, -ˈnɪʒə, -ˈnɪʃə/;[17] Arabic: تونس 
Tūnis; Berber: Tunest, ; French: Tunisie.
2.
^ Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية al-Jumhūrīya
at-Tūnisīya; French: République
tunisienne)
References
1.
^ "Tunisia Constitution,
Article 4" (PDF). 26
January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on
9 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
2.
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Article 1" (PDF). 26
January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on
9 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Translation
by the University of Bern: "Tunisia is a free State, independent and
sovereign; its religion is the Islam, its language is Arabic, and its form is
the Republic."
3.
^ Arabic,
Tunisian Spoken. Ethnologue (19
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4.
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